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IRCT20260624069940N3 IRCT 2026-07-25 Tarbiat Modares University Comparison of Three Training Methods on Skill and Motor Performance in Professional Volleyball Players Comparing the Effects of Three Training Models (Plyometric, Traditional, and Combined) on Skill Control and Motor Performance in Professional Male Volleyball Players 2026-08-06 anticipated 45 Pending https://irct.ir/trial/91786 interventional Randomization: Randomized, Blinding: Single blinded, Placebo: Not used, Assignment: Parallel, Purpose: Other, Other design features: Randomized controlled trial, single-blind (outcome assessors), with three parallel groups and pre-test/post-test design, Randomization description: After initial screening and confirmation of eligibility, eligible participants will be randomly assigned to three intervention groups (Plyometric, Traditional, and Combined) using randomization software. The randomization method is simple randomization with individual as the unit of randomization. No stratification is used. The random sequence is generated by software. Allocation concealment is ensured using sealed envelopes, Blinding description: In this study, due to the nature of the exercise intervention, complete blinding is not possible. However, outcome assessors who are responsible for administering the skill-related tests (spike and block speed and accuracy) and motor tests (sprint speed, agility, explosive power, and balance) will be blinded to participants' group allocation. Participants, the principal investigator, and trainers are aware of the intervention type. Outcome assessors are blinded through participant coding and lack of access to group allocation information. N/A Sports performance evaluation. Intervention 1: Intervention group 1 (Plyometric): Plyometric training for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 10 minutes of warm-up with light running and dynamic stretching, 30 minutes of specialized volleyball plyometric exercises including box jumps (3 sets of 8 reps), tuck jumps (3 sets of 10 reps), split squat jumps (3 sets of 10 reps per leg), lateral zigzag hops (3 sets of 15 reps), and drop jumps (3 sets of 8 reps) with gradual progressive overload, and 5 minutes of cool-down with static stretching. Rest between sets is 30-60 seconds and between exercises 2 minutes. Intervention 2: Intervention group 2 (Traditional): Traditional resistance and aerobic training for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 10 minutes of warm-up with light running and dynamic stretching, 30 minutes of resistance and aerobic exercises including steady running (3 sets of 200 meters), squats without jump (3 sets of 12 reps), lunges without jump (3 sets of 10 reps per leg), and crunch and abdominal exercises (3 sets of 15 reps) with gradual progressive overload, and 5 minutes of cool-down with static stretching. Rest between sets is 30-60 seconds and between exercises 2 minutes. Intervention 3: Intervention group 3 (Combined): Combined training (plyometric and traditional) for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 10 minutes of warm-up with light running and dynamic stretching, 30 minutes of combined training including 20 minutes of plyometric exercises (box jumps, tuck jumps, split squat jumps, lateral zigzag hops, and drop jumps) and 20 minutes of traditional exercises (steady running, squats without jump, lunges without jump, and abdominal exercises) with gradual progressive overload, and 5 minutes of cool-down with static stretching. Rest between sets is 30-60 seconds and between exercises 2 minutes. Yes - There is a plan to make this available What will be shared: All collected data related to skill variables (spike and block speed and accuracy) and motor variables (sprint speed, agility, explosive power, and balance) will be shared completely without identifying information. Documentation regarding methodology, forms used, and analysis plan will also be provided. When: Six months after publication of study results To whom: Researchers affiliated with reputable academic and scientific institutions who have an approved research proposal by their institutional ethics committee. Conditions: Data may be used solely for research purposes and secondary analyses related to exercise physiology and sports performance. Commercial use of the data is not permitted. All users must adhere to ethical requirements and maintain data confidentiality, and must report any findings from their analyses to the primary authors. Requests must include a detailed description of the project and its objectives. Where to obtain: To request data, please contact the corresponding author, Mr. Zolfaghar Hamid Abdollah Albarmani, via email at d.albarmani@modares.ac.ir. Requests may also be submitted through the Department of Exercise Sciences at Tarbiat Modares University. How to obtain: Upon submission of a request via email, the corresponding author will review the application. After approval by the university ethics committee, the request will be forwarded to the research team. If finally approved, de-identified data will be provided within two to four weeks via email or a secure data-sharing platform. Comments: Data will be provided solely for non-commercial purposes, with full adherence to ethical principles and confidentiality of participant information.
public Zolfaghar Hamid Abdollah Albarmani
Tarbiat Modares University, Shahid Chamran Blvd., Tehran, Iran
Tehran Iran (Islamic Republic of) ۱۴۱۱۵۱۱۱۱ +98 21 8288 5063 d.albarmani@modares.ac.ir Tarbiat Modares University scientific Dr. Shahnaz Shahrbanian
Tarbiat Modares University, Shahid Chamran Blvd., Tehran, Iran
Tehran Iran (Islamic Republic of) ۱۴۱۱۵۱۱۱۱ +98 21 8288 5063 sh.shahrbanian@modares.ac.ir Tarbiat Modares University Iran (Islamic Republic of) Male volleyball players aged 18 to 30 years At least 3 years of regular team training experience in Division One or Two league No musculoskeletal injuries in the past 6 months No use of performance-affecting medications No chronic diseases Ability to understand and cooperate in performing tests and exercises Signed written informed consent to participate in the study 18 years 30 years Male History of severe knee, ankle, or back injury in the past 6 months Uncontrolled cardiovascular diseases Uncontrolled diabetes Regular use of anti-inflammatory or steroidal medications Inability to maintain standing balance for at least 30 seconds without assistance History of lower limb or spinal surgery in the past year Z02.5 Examination for participation in sport Behavior Behavior Behavior Intervention group 1 (Plyometric): Plyometric training for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 10 minutes of warm-up with light running and dynamic stretching, 30 minutes of specialized volleyball plyometric exercises including box jumps (3 sets of 8 reps), tuck jumps (3 sets of 10 reps), split squat jumps (3 sets of 10 reps per leg), lateral zigzag hops (3 sets of 15 reps), and drop jumps (3 sets of 8 reps) with gradual progressive overload, and 5 minutes of cool-down with static stretching. Rest between sets is 30-60 seconds and between exercises 2 minutes. Intervention group 2 (Traditional): Traditional resistance and aerobic training for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 10 minutes of warm-up with light running and dynamic stretching, 30 minutes of resistance and aerobic exercises including steady running (3 sets of 200 meters), squats without jump (3 sets of 12 reps), lunges without jump (3 sets of 10 reps per leg), and crunch and abdominal exercises (3 sets of 15 reps) with gradual progressive overload, and 5 minutes of cool-down with static stretching. Rest between sets is 30-60 seconds and between exercises 2 minutes. Intervention group 3 (Combined): Combined training (plyometric and traditional) for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 10 minutes of warm-up with light running and dynamic stretching, 30 minutes of combined training including 20 minutes of plyometric exercises (box jumps, tuck jumps, split squat jumps, lateral zigzag hops, and drop jumps) and 20 minutes of traditional exercises (steady running, squats without jump, lunges without jump, and abdominal exercises) with gradual progressive overload, and 5 minutes of cool-down with static stretching. Rest between sets is 30-60 seconds and between exercises 2 minutes. Spike Execution Speed. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Recording the execution time of the spike movement using a digital timer from the start of the movement to the moment of hand contact with the ball; each test is repeated three times and the best time is recorded as the final score. Spike Accuracy. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Hitting the ball toward designated targets on the floor; recording the number of accurate hits within the target area out of 10 attempts; each test is repeated three times and the best result is recorded. Block Execution Speed. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Recording the execution time of the block movement using a digital timer from the start of the movement to the moment the hands reach the highest point; each test is repeated three times and the best time is recorded as the final score. Block Accuracy. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Recording the number of times the player positions correctly and with proper timing relative to the opponent's attack; out of 10 attempts, the number of successful blocks is recorded. 20-Meter Sprint Speed. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Recording the time to cover 20 meters using a digital timer; each test is repeated three times and the best time is recorded as the final score. Agility. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: T-Test; recording the time to complete the designated course with rapid directional changes using a digital timer; each test is repeated three times and the best time is recorded as the final score. Lower Limb Explosive Power. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Standing vertical jump (Sargent jump); recording jump height using a tape measure mounted on the wall or a contact mat device; each test is repeated three times and the highest jump is recorded. Balance. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Single-leg stance test with eyes closed; recording the duration of balance maintenance in seconds using a stopwatch; each test is repeated three times and the longest time is recorded. Tarbiat Modares University Approved 2026-05-25 Research Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modares University Tarbiat Modares University, Shahid Chamran Blvd., Tehran, Iran Tehran Tehran Iran (Islamic Republic of)