Inclusion criteria:
Women aged between 20 and 39 years.
Patients who presented for treatment of recurrent miscarriage (three or more miscarriages before 12 weeks of gestation, with documented fetal heart rate [FHR]).
Patients with unexplained infertility despite evaluation, including assessment of ovulatory function, tubal patency, uterine anatomical abnormalities, cervical factors, and sperm quality and quantity.
Patients who are able to continue regular follow-up visits during the study period.
Exclusion criteria:
Patients using immunosuppressive medications for infertility treatment, such as azathioprine, mizoribine, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, sirolimus, everolimus, cyclosporine, basiliximab, etanercept, golimumab, cantuzumab, tocilizumab, conatumumab, corticosteroids, or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).
Chronic endometritis diagnosed by endometrial biopsy.
Uterine anomalies, uterine fibroids, endometrial polyps, or intrauterine adhesions.
Active infections including HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or other active viral diseases.