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Study aim
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Comparison of safety, efficacy, and practicality of ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus conventional C-arm-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy
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Design
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Before surgery, the age, sex, and health status (ASA) of the patients will be recorded. Non-contrast ultrasound and CT scan and Guy's stone score will be performed for all patients. Stone weight will be calculated using the total stone size.
Surgical technique All patients undergoing PCNL will be placed in the prone position. In FL-PCNL, a multidirectional movable C-arm fluoroscopy machine with an under-table X-ray generator will be used for imaging.
Total screening time will be measured by the fluoroscopy machine. Estimated bleeding time and total operative time will also be recorded.
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Settings and conduct
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Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences
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Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria
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Inclusion criteria included patients aged 18–70 years with kidney stones 2–4 cm in diameter, ASA class I–III, normal coagulation tests (PT, aPTT, INR), informed consent
Exclusion criteria included patients with coagulation disorders or anticoagulant use, pregnancy, history of hypersensitivity to epinephrine or hemostatic agents, acute urinary tract infection or sepsis
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Intervention groups
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This clinical trial will use a double-blind design to reduce potential bias in evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention. Participants will be randomly assigned (using a random number table) to two groups: ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy and conventional C-arm-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy, with grouping information managed by a confidential coding system by the project administrator.
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Main outcome variables
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Ultrasound guidance is a reliable tool in the hands of experienced urologists to perform PCNL with low or even zero radiation, with fewer complications for patients and healthcare personnel.