Study aim: To determine the effectiveness of routine physical therapy with and without equal weight bearing exercise program on balance and functional outcome in stroke patients. Design: randomized clinical trial, parallel groups, no blinding Settings and conduct: The participants were allocated from Omer medical centre, Yaseen medical centre, UOL teaching hospital Lahore. The participant was asked to pick a sealed envelop and then according to the number in envelop the group was allocated. There was no blinding done. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Clinically diagnosed sub-acute stroke patients aged between 40-60 years by neurologist and able to understand command were included. where as the patients with any Musculoskeletal Disorder, Disability or other comorbid disease, any Previous history of neurological disease, or enrolled in another experimental study were excluded. Intervention groups: Control group: received the 3 sessions per week for 2 months of routine physical therapy treatment that includes electrical stimulation, Muscles Stretching, Strengthening and range of Motion Exercises for 45-60 minutes. In a session, electrical stimulation and Hot pack was given for 15 minutes. Static stretching of affected muscles was performed according to the participant requirement. The muscle strengthening included loading of affected leg with unaffected leg placed on a wooden block, stepping up exercise with the affected leg, stepping down with the affected leg, heels lift. Fifteen repetitions of each exercise was given with a resting period of 1minute between exercises. Intervention group: received 3 sessions per week for 2 months of routine physical therapy with equal weight bearing sit-to-stand exercise for 45-60 minutes. In one session, routine physiotherapy was given with equal weight bearing sit-to-stand exercise (20 repetitions). Main outcome variables: Balance, Functional independence

,Pakistan after approval for the study design granted by the Review Board and the Ethical Committee of Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences, Multan, Pakistan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion

Study aim: The purpose of the study was to compare the EFFECTIVENESS OF INSTRUMENT ASSISTED SOFT TISSUE MOBILIZATION VERSUS CYRIAX TECHNIQUE FOR MUSCULAR NECK PAIN IN LABORATORY WORKERS Design: A concealed Randomized ,single blinded, controlled trial with a good design of 96 participants. Settings and conduct: Study was conducted at 1.• Family hospital and maternity home, Multan 2. •BUCH International Hospital, Multan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Both Male and Female ,Age 18-45years ,Neck pain on visual analogue scale(VAS) 4-8 (moderate cases), Subacute or chronic cases (4-12 weeks) Exclusion criteria: Not willing to participate, Joint with history of trauma, fracture and degenerative joint disease ,Tumor and rheumatic disease ,Patient diagnose with any bony lesion, Skin infection, Vestibular balance disorder. Intervention groups: The exercise regime distributed over 06 weeks period(18 sessions) once a day and 03 times per week. Group-A received a treatment program consisting of Instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization. Group-B received cyriax deep friction massage technique. Both groups received gel application before treatment procedure. Main outcome variables: Pain, Range of motion, Functional status.

undergraduate students of Government college University Faisalabad, Pakistan. Participants will be blinded they

Study aim: The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of the Active Release Technique on correcting scapular dyskinesia, reducing pain, improving shoulder and scapular range of motion, and decreasing functional limitations in patients with repetitive shoulder injuries. Design: Parallel Group Randomized Controlled Trail Settings and conduct: Settings: -Allied Hospital Faisalabad -Madina Teaching Hospital, Faisalabad -Mujahid Hospital, Faisalabad Conduct: Single-blinded study (only patient will be blinded of treatment groups) Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria • Male and females aged 20 to 40 years • Patients who had scapular dyskinesia positive by Modified SAT and LSST • Patient who had pain score of 4 or more on NPRS scale • Patients who had pain, impaired ROM, and functional limitation secondary to repetitive shoulder injuries • Patients who were willing to participate and filled in the informed consent provided by the study protocol Exclusion Criteria • Individuals with significant comorbidities affecting treatment, such as severe cardiovascular disease or neuromuscular disorders, shoulder dislocation, active infection, arthritis, fracture, dislocation/subluxation were excluded • Patient who had neurological injuries such as Long Thoracic Nerve Injury • Patients who had acute shoulder surgeries and winged scapula were excluded due to variations in recovery Intervention groups: Group A (Interventional Group) will receive active release technique on tight muscles of scapula and baseline treatment Group B (Control Group) will receive only baseline treatment (MWM Scapular Mobilization, Scapular Correction Exercises and Heating modality) Main outcome variables: Scapular Dyskinesia Pain Range of Motion Functional Limitation

Study aim: Exploring the effect of stress inducers aerobic exercises (stair climbing, 6MWT, step up)between BP, HR, oxygen saturation, glucose level, lipid profile, temperature, and RR estrogen and progesterone level of post-menopausal females of Multan with body mass index and cardiorespiratory and cardiometabolic health. Design: Randomized control trial, three parallel groups design, triple blinded study with a sample size of 45 Settings and conduct: Shahbaz Sharif Hospital, Muhammad Rehabilitation center, Faiz hospital Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Including Criteria: Females; Aged 40-60 years; Postmenopausal females; Good mental and physical health; Naturally menopausal females; Negative screening mammogram. Exclusion criteria: Young females; Perimenopausal females; Any type of physical disability; Any type of major surgery; Females with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis; History of melanoma or breast cancer; Females who have any type of hormone replacement therapy. Intervention groups: 3 groups of intervention are included in this study. group 1 with 6 minute walk test, group 2 with stair climbing exercise and group 3 with step up exercise Main outcome variables: cardiorespiratory and cardiometabolic parameters improvement

Study aim: Aim of this study is to intervent the change in (blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen saturation, glucose level, lipid profile ,uric acid level, HDL, LDL temperature respiration rate and C-reactive protein ) to see level of improvement of the quality of life and to prevent from cardiovascular abnormalities in young adults of Multan with hyperlipidemia that are associated with body mass index and cardiorespiratory and cardiometabolic fitness. Design: Randomized , single group design with triple blinded study Settings and conduct: MIMAS, Faiz hospital and Shahbaz Sharif Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: • Young Adults. • Age group of 18-30 years. • Hyperlipidemic people. • Mentally and physically wellbeing. The excluding criteria: • Older Adults. • Childs. • Pregnant Women. • Uncontrolled hypertension. • Chronic heart problems. • Physically disable. • Mentally ill. • Any type of major surgery. • Lactating females. Intervention groups: Group 1 with jogging exercise , group 2 with brisk walking and group 3 with jumping rope exercise Main outcome variables: improvement in crf and CMP

, Pakistan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION CRITERIA 1. Age 18 to 45 years with

Study aim: The study will aim to explore the effect of brain gym exercises in improving musculoskeletal health, Fatigue and Academic performance in University students. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial Settings and conduct: Study will be conducted on final year students, participants will be randomly divided into 2 groups. After taking informed consent, group 1 will be treated with Brain gym exercises with stretching of neck and shoulder. And group 2 will be treated with only stretching of neck and shoulder. Pre and post treatment readings will be taken by standardized questionnaires. The assessor who will measure outcome will be blinded and won't know from which group patient is from. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria will include the final year DPT students of UMT, Lahore, with age group involving 20 to 25 years of both genders. Exclusion criteria will involve any participant with a history of MSK trauma/accident and students diagnosed with psychological issues. Physical and mentally disabled students will also be excluded. Intervention groups: In experimental/ interventional group, we will advice or perform Brain gym exercises with stretching of neck and shoulder. 10 standard Brain gym exercises for 30 minutes, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Main outcome variables: MSK health questionaaire will be used to measure musculoskeletal health. Piper fatigue scale will used to measure fatigue. And academic performance will be measured by academic performance scale.

department Public sector Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan. Prticipants, outcome assessor, health care provider

Study aim: Using COVID-19 convalescent plasma for the purpose of passive immunization in current COVID-19 pandemic Design: Single arm, open label, clinical trial employing WHO recognized monitored emergency use of unregistered and experimental interventions (MEURI) study design. Sample size is 357 Settings and conduct: The places of the study: National Institute of Blood Disease & Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi; Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh; University of Health Science and children hospital, Lahore. Blinding in this study: Not Blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: informed consent must have been obtained, confirmed COVID-19 cases confirmed by RT-PCR laboratory tests, moderately severe or severe life-threatening COVID-19 related features: Shortness of breath, respiratory rate ≥ 30/min, arterial blood oxygen saturation ≤ 92%, and/or lung infiltrates > 25% within 24 to 48 hours, Severe Life-threatening disease Exclusion Criteria: Allergy history of plasma, sodium citrate and methylene blue; For patients with history of autoimmune system diseases or selective IgA deficiency, the application of convalescent plasma should be evaluated cautiously by clinicians. Patients having evidence of uncontrolled cytokine release syndrome leading to end-stage multiorgan failure. Intervention groups: Convalescent plasma: Plasmapheresis, 900 - 1000 mL each time. Standard apheresis plasma collection protocol using Haemonetics MCS+ intermittent blood flow system or Terumo Optia, Cobe-Spectra, Trima or Fresenius continuous flow system to be used. Isovolumic saline replacement should be done. Each donor can donate convalescent plasma again after an interval of every 2 weeks. Main outcome variables: Shortness of breath, Respiratory rate, Arterial blood oxygen saturation, Lung infiltrates, Respiratory failure, Shock, Multiple organ dysfunction

Objective: To evaluate safety and effectiveness of Test Product; irpo-FA Tablets in Prergnant women with irondeficiency Anemia. Inclusion Criteria: Pregnant Women in second or third trimester or after 12 weeks of pregnancy, Hb: ≤ 10. 5g/dl after first trimester and serum ferritin levels are below than normal (less than 35 μg/l) Exclusion Criteria: Patient with a history of non-compliance with iron therapy or allergic to iron preparation. Study Population: Pregnant Women Sample Size: 50 subjects Intervention: Irpo-Fa ® Iron(III)Hydroxide Polymaltose 100mg; Elemental Iron Folic Acid 0.5 mg, Main Outcomes measures: Increase in Hb level at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months and three months after initiation of oral iron therapy, Correction in anaemia within or on completion of three months of treatment.

Study aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of positional release technique and ELDOA stretches to imporove hip pain Range of motion and functional mobility in piriformis syndrome patient Design: Study Design; randomization will be through sealed envelopes method, and blinding will not occur Settings and conduct: Subjects with piriformis syndrome will be taken from Allied hospital Faisalabad.Blinding: Participants will be blinded they will not be aware whether they are in Group A or Group B as the participants of both groups will be receive 2 step intervention. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion crieteria is positive fair test. pain in prolong sitting. exclusion criteria inflammatory arthritis Intervention groups: Two groups. both are treatment group. Group A received positional release technique and group b receives Elongation osteoarticular decopatation stretch Main outcome variables: Pain , Range of motion and functional mobility.

Study aim: To compare the effectiveness of oral versus vaginal progestogens in treating recurrent miscarriages. Design: 108 participants, parallel-group, no blindness, randomized control trial, phase 4 Settings and conduct: study was performed at Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI), Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: pregnant women; aged 16-40 years, with a history of at least three recurrent miscarriages; visiting at or less than 7 weeks of gestation. Exclusion criteria: patients with threatened miscarriage, structural uterine abnormality distorting the cavity, the absence of fetus cardiac activity (missed abortion), contraindications to progestogens use (e.g. allergy to progesterone, patient with breast carcinoma)' inadequate treatment compliance. Intervention groups: Oral progestogen was given to group A in the dose of 10mg twice a day for 12 weeks in the morning and evening after meals, while group B received vaginal progestogens in the dose of 200mg twice a day for 12 weeks. Main outcome variables: Miscarriage

Study aim: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of acyclovir versus placebo in patients presenting with pityriasis rosea as acyclovir may have a potential role in the treatment of pityriasis rosea. Design: Clinical trial which is parallel group, double blind, randomized, phase 3 trial. Settings and conduct: Dermatology department PNS Shifa hospital Karachi Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria Patients presenting with pityriasis rosea with either gender between Age 12-70 years. Exclusion criteria patients with positive VDRL test, females with pregnancy or lactation, patients who have taken any other specific treatment for PR in last 01 week, patients with history of CRF and DM, HIV positive and patients with any cause of immunosuppression. Intervention groups: Intervention group 1. Patients were treated with oral acyclovir 800mg 5 times/day for a duration of 7 days. Intervention group 2 Patients were treated with placebo pill (glucose) 5 times/day daily for a duration of 7 days. Main outcome variables: Clinical Response

Study aim: The aim of the study is to compare the effect of expanded constraint induced movement therapy (eCIMT) versus routine physical therapy in treating paretic arm of children with cerebral palsy Design: Single blinded Randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Data was collected from children hospital Lahore lottery method of randomization was used and was done by one of the research members who was not involve in recruitment or assessment or data analysis. Outcome assessor was also unaware of group assignment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Age, Gender, spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy, non use of more affected upper extremity, minimal ability to grasp the object known case of seizures ,anti epileptic drugs, visual problems, paretic hand surgery, cognitive or sensory disorder Intervention groups: Two groups Experimental group Control group Main outcome variables: Pediatric motor activity log scale(PMAL) Wolf motor function test(WMFT)

Study aim: To investigate the effects of osteopathic manipulation on tinnitus severity and pain in patients with somatic tinnitus. Design: A randomized clinical trial, concealed, blinded, with a parallel control group, 80 patients, between March 2021 and December 2021, and followed for 9 months. Settings and conduct: ENT Department University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Patients with somatic tinnitus; Aged18-60 years; Both genders. Exclusion Criteria: history of ear surgery; history of cervical surgery; hypertension; history of head trauma; history of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs usage; arteriosclerosis; arthritis; diabetes mellitus; continuous noise exposure. Intervention groups: Intervention group: osteopathic manipulation along with traditional physiotherapy. Control group: traditional physiotherapy only. Main outcome variables: Tinnitus severity; Pain

Kulsum International hospital, Islamabad Pakistan. Participants and outcome assessor will be blinded in

Study aim: To compare mean pain, range of motion, disability and endurance in routine physical therapy with and without breathing exercises in patients with mechanical chronic low back pain. Design: A concealed, randomized, triple blinded clinical trial with 132 patients followed by inclusion and exclusion criteria. Settings and conduct: study will be conducted in Physical therapy department Gulab Devi Institute of Physiotherapy Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria • Patients with chronic low back pain (>12 weeks),on VAS >3. (30) • Main complaint of localized lumbar pain and decreased lumbar ROM from L1 to L5. Exclusion Criteria • Patients with spinal Tuberculosis • Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Intervention groups: Routine Physical Therapy + Breathing Exercises Total no of sessions will be 12, 3 sessions per week for 4 week Follow up will be done after 6 weeks Main outcome variables: • Pain • Functional Disability • Range of Motion (ROM) • Muscle Endurance • Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1 ) • Oxygen saturation on pulse oximeter (SpO2 )

Study aim: To study the effect of nimesulide in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. Design: Uncontrolled Longitudinal study, single-center, comprising 60 patients with COVID-19 infection Settings and conduct: All the patients will receive nimesulide 100 mg twice daily and sucralfate suspension 10 ml twice daily for five days. Patients who have a raised CRP will be prescribed azithromycin 250 mg twice daily for five days. Those patients who have a raised D-dimers test (greater than 500) will be given enoxaparin in a dose of 40 mg subQ once daily for five days. All patients will have a baseline spO2 measured and a chest radiograph done that will be repeated after 5 days. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study and agrees with the study protocol • Adults ≥ 12 years • Not previously diagnosed with COVID-19 infection or treated. Exclusion Criteria: • Participant is allergic to any of the study groups. • Participants with a contraindication to any of the drugs including: o Active bleeding o Recent Myocardial infarction (last three months) o Peptic ulcer disease • Already taking an NSAID or Nimesulide. • Inability to be followed up for the trial period Intervention groups: Nimesulide is an anti-inflammatory drug that will be added to the treatment regimen of all patients with COVID-19 infection who are enrolled in the study and followed after five days. Main outcome variables: The outcome will be measured in terms of a percent change in oxygen saturation, hospitalization, or death.

Study aim: 1) To determine the effects of Active Release and Post isometric Relaxation Techniques on pain and functional performance in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis. 2) To determine the effects of Active Release and Post isometric Relaxation Techniques on grip strength in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis. Design: 1. Single blinded Randomized clinical trial. 2. Outcomes Assessor (single blinded). 3. Clinical diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis by orthopedic surgeon. Settings and conduct: Settings: Sialkot medical complex hospital. Conduct: OPD of related hospital (physiotherapy department). Single blinded: A clinical trial in which outcomes assessor is blinded. An expert medical officer is working as outcomes assessor. Assessor has taken a Pre and Post treatment evaluation. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Subject with unilateral epicondylitis. • Age group between 25-45 years with pain of atleast 6 weeks. • Both genders (males and females). Exclusion criteria: • History of cervical radiculopathy. • History of peripheral nerve involvement. • History of previous surgery of elbow. Intervention groups: Techniques apply containing active release technique with conventional treatment (pulse ultrasound for 5 minutes) for lateral epicondylitis and Post isometric relaxation (METS) with conventional protocol for lateral epicondylitis patient. Main outcome variables: Outcome variables: Pain by NPRS tool. Grip strength by Dynamometer. Functional performance by PRTEE scale

Study aim: To find the effects of tendon gliding exercises and neurodynamic techniques on two point discrimination in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Design: Two groups, Single blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. Settings and conduct: Riphah College of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences Fatima Memorial Hospital Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria Age 20-40 years Gender both male and female Numbness and tingling in the area of the median nerve Positive Phalen’s test Positive Tinel’s sign Pain in the wrist area Exclusion Criteria Prior surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome Tendon sheath inflammation Rheumatoid disease Past trauma to the wrist Intervention groups: Intervention group A Tendon Gliding Exercises, Intervention group B Neurodynamic Technique Main outcome variables: Two Point Discrimination, Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ), Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH)

Study aim: To assess the efficacy of topical urea in combination with oral terrbinafine for the treatment of childhood dermatophytosis Design: Randamized control trial Settings and conduct: Lady reading hospital,Department of pediatrics Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: inclusion criteria:patient with superficial dermatophytosis between age 2-14 years exclusion criteria: Intervention groups: 1.using terbinafine alone 2.using terbinafine along with topical urea Main outcome variables: 1. Clinical cure 2.prevention of chronicity and recurrence

Bahawalpur Pakistan with randomization of participants by lottery method keeping the participants blinded for

Study aim: The objective of this study is to compare the conventional measurement of neck extension versus ultrasound guided distance measured from skin to epiglottis (DSE) as sole predictors in determining difficult airway and laryngoscopy. Design: 150 patients (minimum sample size 139 as per WHO calculator) were included in the study as per the inclusion criteria furnished . The method of sampling was non-probability consecutive via lottery method. Settings and conduct: Maximum angle for neck extension in was measured with the patient sitting while keeping the head erect with mouth wide open and then asked to extend the head maximally while the anesthetist measured the angle traversed by the occlusal surface of the upper teeth. . In Group E, linear probe using ultrasound guidance was used to measure the distance from skin to epiglottis in the sniffing position with the patient lying supine . To remove bias, the anesthetist performing pre-operative airway assessment were different to those confirming through Cormack Lehane scoring. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria included all ASA I and II patients aged 20-40 years presenting to the anesthesia department after pre-anesthesia assessment for subsequent elective surgeries under general anesthesia Exclusion criteria excluded patients with patients with a history of burns or trauma to the airways, patient with a history of tracheostomy or lower airway surgeries and patients unwilling to be included in the study. Intervention groups: All the patients included in the study were divided into two groups, Group N, undergoing neck extension as sole predictor and Group E, using DSE by USG as a sole predictor for difficulty airway. Main outcome variables: Comparison of sensitivity and specificity showed a sensitivity of 76.9% in Group N versus 88.4% in Group E (DSE). Specificity showed 69.4% in Group N versus 87.5% in Group E.