Study aim: The aim of the study is to find out The effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on motor function of hand in hemiplegic ischemic chronic stroke patients. The effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on strength of hand in hemiplegic ischemic chronic stroke patients. Design: Randomized, parallel group with single blinded study. Sealed envelops were used. Settings and conduct: the trial is conducted in Sheikh Zayed hospital, RYK. Single blinded study design is used in which all the participants are kept blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Hemiplegic patients having single episode of ischemic chronic stroke diagnosed by the neurologist. Male and female patients between 40 to 60 years of age.39 Duration of stroke, more than 6 months with spastic paralysis. Exclusion criteria: Participants with unstable condition I.e., recurrent stroke. Implanted electrical devices(pacemaker, defibrillator etc). Intervention groups: control group will receive routine physical therapy. Experimental group will receive neuromuscular electrical stimulation in addition to routine physical therapy. Main outcome variables: there are 2 main outcome variables 1.Fugl meyer motor assessment scale 2.Hand held dynamometer

Study aim: To determine effectiveness of core stabilization exercises versus conventional therapy on trunk mobility, function, ambulation and quality of life of stroke patients Design: Randomized control trial Settings and conduct: To take readings at pre-treatment and post-treatment levels, outcome assessors were recruited, who were blinded to the treatment group. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: 45-65 years of age, sitting achieved by patient for at least 10 seconds were included. Exclusion criteria: severe cognitive and communication disorders that can effect interaction with patient. Intervention groups: In conventional group patients were given range of motion exercises, mobility exercises like transfers and gait training, stretching, tone reduction, task oriented training and compensatory approach. Task oriented training emphasized on hemiplegic side. For upper limb, different objects were placed on table and patient was asked to use them. For ADL training combing, brushing, eating activities were performed. Reaching and grasping activities were taught in sitting position. Mat activities were performed with special emphasis in sitting positing. Group B: In experimental group core stability training was done by increasing frequency of repetition from 10 to 20 repetitions according to patient condition .Core stability consisted of abdominal drawing in maneuver for contraction of transverses abdominis. After training of ADIM movements of pelvis with and without ADIM were performed. Pelvic control exercises comprise of anterior- posterior tilt, lateral shift and transverse rotation. Bed exercises were bridging exercises. Curl up was done with progression from straight reaching, with diagonal reaching and with arms crossed. Multifidus exercises were performed. Main outcome variables: Trunk function: trunk impairment scale; functional ambulation categories; stroke specific quality of life scale

Study aim: To determine the effects of injury prevention program on speed, agility and power in cricket players. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial using fish and bowl method, a single blinded study, parallel group design having 44 patients. Settings and conduct: The study will be single-blind as assessors of the study will be kept blind about the allocation of patients to Model Town Cricket Ground. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: 14-35 years of age, male athletes, athletes who have not participated in any injury prevention program. Exclusion Criteria: A medical history of lower extremity injury that required medical attention in the past 6 months, any systemic disorder, CVS disease, neurological disorder, bone fracture or surgery in the previous year, any psychosocial impairments which can hinder the study. Intervention groups: Group A: Group A will receive an injury prevention program (FIFA 11+ program) along with the baseline static stretching protocol. Group B: Group B will receive a dynamic stretching protocol along with the baseline static stretching protocol. Main outcome variables: Speed, Agility and Power

Study aim: this study aim is to compare the effects of Aerobic Exercise (Walking) Training and conventional physical therapy treatment in improving the quality of life in Chronic Stroke patient Design: two study group were made after taking the sample size of 60 by using the epitol website to online calculate the sample size and then divide into two groups.The sample was recruited through convenient sampling technique and then randomly assigned to the two groups. this will be single blinded study (assesor blind). Settings and conduct: Data was collected from following settings, • Haq orthopedic hospital sanda road lahore • Hijaz hospital gulberg lahore • Chudhary Muhammad teaching hospital lahore • Journal hospita our trial is single blind in which we have used the asssor blind technique through which the person who is taking the assesment after the treatment protocol is unawear Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria • Age 45–75years. • Patients both Genders. • Chronic stroke • Lower limb should be functional atleast upto grade • Walking independently with or without of an assistive device Exclusion criteria • Stroke due to subarachnoid hemorrhage • Patients with any Systemic Illness(e.g. Rheumatism) • Patient with Mental disability Intervention groups: . Then participants were randomly divided into two groups. Interventional group : In group-A participants were given aerobic training (n=30) 30 minutes walk, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Group-B participants were given conventional physical therapy including stretching and strengthening with massage to involved limb For 30 minutes, 3 times a week for 12 weeks They were tested before and after treatment session by using the outcome measuring tool morticity index and SF-36( HR-QOL) Main outcome variables: Quality of life

Study aim: 1. To investigate the effects of Microsoft Xbox Kinect-based Virtual Reality game training on the upper extremity motor rehabilitation of sub-acute post stroke survivors Design: Single Blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Settings and conduct: Trial will be conducted at Re Active Rehabilitation Center of The University of Faisalabad. The Trial is Single Blinded, Participants are blinded through Lottery Method. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, Stroke onset > 2 weeks and < 6 months • First-ever ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke confirmed by MRI or CT • Patients > age 25 • Unilateral upper extremity weakness, • Patients who could perform the reaching activity with their hemiparetic arm. • Both genders will be included • Voluntary shoulder, elbow and wrist movement which is able to perform In-game commands. Exclusion Criteria: • Patients with co-morbidities or neurodegenerative diseases, • Patients who are unable to follow verbal commands due to cognitive impairment or aphasia • Patients who are unable to participate Kinect-based VR due to any reason (e.g., visual impairment, hemi spatial neglect, apraxia) • History of seizures/fits, • Psychological illness, Intervention groups: Group A: In this group patients will be treated with routine physiotherapy combined with virtual rehabilitation. Xbox Kinect will used for training. The exercise program consists of stretching, strengthening and isometric exercises. Virtual rehabilitation consists of 30 minutes session 5 days per week for 4 weeks Group B: In this group patients will be treated with routine physiotherapy program. Routine physiotherapy will be performed 30 minutes 10 repetitions, twice a day 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Main outcome variables: Fugl-Meyer Assessment Brunnstrom Recovery Stages Modified Ashworth Scale The Motricity Index

Study aim: To compare Mulligan Bent Leg Raise versus Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise on pain ‎intensity and hamstring flexibility in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain‎ Design: Two-arm, parallel-group, randomized trial with blinded postoperative care and outcome assessment Settings and conduct: The study was conducted at Health Care Physiotherapy, Sports, Spine& Rehabilitation ‎Center, Faisalabad, 116 Patients were randomly allocated ‎into groups, Group A received Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise (TSLR) while ‎Group B patients received Mulligan Bent Leg Raised Technique (BLR). Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria:‎ Age between 30-50 years‎, Both gender (male & f0emale, Visual Analog Scale Pain Score 0-7 (Mild Pain 0-4, Moderate Pain 5-7)‎, Non-specific chronic low back pain involving segmental hypomobility and gross ‎limitation of lumber mobility and restriction of SLR, due to discomfort & pain, 15˚ more as compared to the non-involved side.‎ Exclusion criteria:‎Visual Analog Scale Pain Score 8-10 (Unbearable Pain)‎, Patient already taking treatment for last 6 months, any neurological disease, any physical disability, Pregnancy, history of any surgical procedure involving back or lower extremity. Intervention groups: Intervention group A: Traction Straight Leg Raise (TSLR)‎ The Mulligan traction straight leg raise technique was used therapeutically to decrease pain and ‎range of straight leg raise when it was limited due to tightness in hamstrings or dysfunction in ‎the lower back. Group B: Bent Leg Raised Technique (BLR)‎ The Mulligan bent leg raise method was used for improving the range of straight leg raise in subjects ‎with nonspecific chronic low backache in order to improve hamstring flexibility in individuals ‎with hamstrings tightness. ‎ Main outcome variables: Pain; range of motion

Study aim: To find out the outcomes of traction versus positional pain relief phenomenon in the managmnet of non specific neck pain. Design: It was single blind, parallel group, single center randomized clinical trial with sample size of 42 patients enrolled between November 2017 to April 2018. Settings and conduct: It was single blind, parallel group, single center randomized clinical trial, The study was conducted at Ittefaq Hospital Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients with Age 25-55 years of both Genders, Presenting with complaint of non-specific neck pain. and Limitation of Cervical Spine Range of Motion were included And • Patient with red flag sign, cervical injury, radiating pain, advanced degenerative changes, history of headache and vertigo, any Systemic Illness(e.g. Rheumatism) and altered Mental status were excluded from the study. Intervention groups: Group A: Patients in this group were treated with neck isometrics, hot packs for 10 minutes and cervical traction for three times a week for four weeks. Group B: Patients in this group were treated with neck isometrics, hot packs for 10 minutes and Pain release phenomenon techniques 10×20 sec for three times a week for four weeks.. Main outcome variables: outcomes were measured as scores of visual Analogue Scale for Pain, Neck disability index for Functional outcomes and Range of motion.

, Children’s Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan Participants/Inclusion and exclusion

hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria

Study aim: To determine the effects of myofascial release with and without Emmett technique in iliotibial band syndrome. Design: A concealed,randomized, non blinded controlled trial with a parallel group design of 22 patients. Settings and conduct: Saba’s Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation and sports injury clinic 25/H Gulberg 3, Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patient's with Positive Ober’s Test ,both males and females and age 25 to 45 years EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Patient's with TFL (Tensor Fascia Lata) tightness ,any pathological and traumatic conditions, Fractures and Dislocation. If patient has already received few sessions of Manual Therapy treatment.Taking corticosteroids, analgesic or anti-inflammatory drugs.Treatment of lower limb myofascial pain or trigger points at the time of the study.Current or previous symptoms of pathology reported in the lower limbs Intervention groups: Patients of both the groups will receive Hot pack therapy for 20 minutes. Group A will receive Manual myofascial release to iliotibial band by having the subject to lie in the side lying position on the unaffected side. Then the therapist applied a few kilograms of force weight along the iliotibial band course proximally to distally. The therapist will repeat this for 6 minutes. Group B will receive manual myofascial release and the Emmett intervention with the subject sitting upright light, constant pressure via the middle finger (at a perpendicular angle to the skin) will be applied at both points, three times for 10-20s with 5-10s breaks between. After that the subject will be instructed to walk around the room for a minute. Main outcome variables: Numeric pain rating scale, Goniometer and vertical jump test are used for assessing pain, flexibility of Iliotibial band and power of lower limb respectively.

Study aim: To find out the effects of hydrotherapy versus land based exercises on pain and grip strength in osteoarthritis of hand Design: Parallel study groups, 68 sample size, phase 2, randomized, single center Settings and conduct: Study setting is Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Hospital Gujrat, Pakistan

: Department of Physical Therapy, Safi Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion

Study aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of muscle energy technique and dry needling of active trigger points of quadrats lumborum in low back pain Design: Randomised, superiority, parallel group trial with blinded outcome assessment. Randomisation was centralised and computerised with concealed randomisation sequence carried out at an external site Settings and conduct: participants, healthcare providers (Physicians, nurses, etc.) who care for participants during the trial, data collectors, outcome assessors, and with lessor importance Data Safety and Monitoring Board and manuscript writers. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Subjects between 18 to 60 year of age 2. Both gender (Male & Female) 3. Participants have mechanical lower back pain of at least two-months duration, initial MODI Score: 30%-60% 4. Participants have an active trigger point in quadratus lumborum muscle according to Travell and Simons diagnostic critaria EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Anticoagulation or bleeding disorders. 2. Acute muscle trauma. 3. Local or systemic infections 4. Lumbar disc herniation 5. Spinal deformities 6. Any spinal surgery history 7. Any participant taking anticoagulation medication Intervention groups: Muscle Energy Technique (Post isometric relaxation) Dry Neeedling Main outcome variables: Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) Modified Oswestry disability index (MODI) Pain Pressure Algometer

of physical therapy, Dar-ul-Shifa campus, Islamabad Pakistan. Participants were kept blinded, they

Unit of Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Ethics Committee approval was taken from Ethical review

Study aim: To determine the effect of sciatic nerve mobilization in the management of patients with lumbar radicular pain. Design: Single blind, Single Centre, parallel assignment Randomized Controlled Trial. Settings and conduct: The study was conducted at out Patient Physiotherapy Department of Syeda Khatoon-e-Jannat Trust Hospital Faisalabad. only outcome assessor was blind in this study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients with Age 25 -55 years from both genders with Positive Laseague sign or straight leg raise test, Unilateral leg pain radiation and more than 2 month's history were included, while patients with Infection –Tuberculosis, Inflammation around the lumbar spine, Tumors around the back, Lumbar instability/ Subluxation/ Fracture/ Spondylolisthesis, Osteoporosis, Joint hyper mobility, any red flag signs and Inability to comply with the study protocol due to cognitive impairment were excluded from study. Intervention groups: Those patient who met eligibility criteria, were randomly allocated into two groups by using lottery method: Group A and Group B. Group A: Experimental Group consisting of 40 patients. They performed 2 sets of 10 repetitions of each exercise 3 times/week for 2 weeks. Sciatic nerve mobilization was applied in appropriate position as per standard procedure. Group B: Control Group contained 40 patients and was administered conventional physiotherapy treatment only. Main outcome variables: Pain measured by numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Modified Oswestry Disability Index and ROM by Inclinometer.

Study aim: To check and compare the comparative effects of kaltenborn mobilization versus maitland mobilization on pain and functional status in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome Design: It will be a single blinded Randomized Clinical trial. A total of 40 participants will be recruited according to the criteria. Lottery method will be used for the recruitment of patients in two equal groups. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted in Allied hospital Faisalabad and Physiotherapy clinics Faisalabad. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Age range between 25-55 years Possible isolated pain to the anterior knee when the examiner applies pressure on the upper part of the patella while the patient engages in an isometric contraction of the quadriceps muscle. The test is also deemed positive if the patient is unable to maintain the contraction for more than two seconds. Have a history of patellofemoral pain syndrome, with symptoms persisting for at least the past 30. Participants must report pain during weight-bearing activities such as squatting, stair climbing, or prolonged sitting with bent knees. All participants must provide informed consent before enrollment in the study. Patients with structural abnormalities of the knee, such as valgus or varus deformities.Individuals with significant sprains, strains, or tears in the muscles, ligaments, or tendons around the knee . Patients with any recent fractures of the femur, tibia, fibula, or patella Individuals who have experienced a patellar dislocation .Patella Alta: Patients diagnosed with patella alta, where the patella is positioned higher than normal . Intervention groups: The patient in Group A will receive Kaltenborn Mobilization. The patients enrolled in group B will receive Maitland Mobilization . Main outcome variables: Patellofemoral pain syndrome ; knee pain

Study aim: To investigate the effectiveness of EEG-based neurofeedback (NFB) treatment versus current treatments for the improvement in symptoms among OCD patient Design: Randomised, parallel group, superiority trial with four arms. Sample size: 80 OCD patients. Randomisation: Centralised and computerised using random number generator software. Settings and conduct: The trial will be conducted in the Psychiatry Unit at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: 1. OCD patients diagnosed according to DSM-V criteria. 2. Age range: 18–40 years. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Neurological conditions such as stroke, head injury, epilepsy, or dementia. 2. Severe medical conditions (e.g., hepatic or renal failure). 3. History of psycho-surgery or neurosurgical procedures. 4. Substance abuse or drug dependence. 5. Psychiatric comorbidities including schizophrenia, psychosis, or delusional disorders. Intervention groups: There will be four intervention groups with equal participants (n=20 each), randomly assigned: Group A: Treatment as usual (psychopharmacological treatment only). Group B: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MBCT) + psychopharmacological treatment. Group C: EEG-based Neurofeedback (NFB) + psychopharmacological treatment. Group D: Combined MBCT and NFB treatment. All participants, except Group A, will undergo 12 weekly sessions of therapy (MBCT: 50 mins; NFB: 30 mins + prep time). Main outcome variables: Primary Outcome: 1. Reduction in OCD symptom severity, assessed using the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). Secondary Outcomes: 1. Levels of depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21). 2. Insight and belief delusionality (Brown Assessment of Belief Scale). 3. Childhood trauma severity (MACE). 4. Biomarker levels (IL-6, IL-Iβ, C-reactive protein).

Study aim: This study aimed to compare the effects of a comprehensive corrective exercise program with and without soft tissue massage therapy on pain, functional mobility, and quality of life in patients with office syndrome. Design: Two arm parallel individual randomized trial with blinded outcome assessment Settings and conduct: This randomized clinical trial (RCT) will be carried out in the Department of Physical Therapy and will be completed within nine months of receiving approval. Based on VAS outcomes, the computed sample size will be 34 participants per group (28 + a 20% dropout buffer), with a 95% significant level and 80% power Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Participants of age 18-55, both male and female, with at least one myofascial trigger point on the trapezius muscle, and who had worked in an office or on a laptop for over a year and reported using a laptop for more than three hours daily will be selected. The study will be excluded patients with a history of motor vehicle accidents, inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, and cervical or lumbar radiculopathies with or without neurological deficits. Patients with spine degeneration, those who had undergone myofascial pain therapy within the previous month , individuals with recent fractures or dislocations and pregnancy will also excluded. Intervention groups: Those who met the eligibility criteria will be complete consent forms to participate. The lottery method will be used for randomization, with participants’ names picked to determine whether they will assigned to Group A (Comprehensive Corrective Exercise Program [CCEP] with Soft Tissue Massage [STM]) or Group B. Main outcome variables: Pain using Visual Analogue Scale Functional Disability using Brief Inventory Pain Quality of life using WHOQOL-BREF

Study aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on electrolyte, mineral, and vitamin levels in patients requiring prolonged acid suppression therapy. Design: A quasi-experimental, parallel-group trial conducted at a single center with a target sample of 60 participants. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio using computerized balloting. Outcome assessment was not blinded, and follow-up was conducted over 12 months. Settings and conduct: The trial was conducted at the Department of Family Medicine, Pak Emirates Military Hospital (PEMH). It was a single-center study where participants were recruited from family medicine clinics. The trial was not blinded, and both participants and investigators were aware of the assigned treatments. The trial was carried out from January 2023 to March 2024, with participants followed for 12 months. Data was collected through clinical assessments, blood and stool samples, and interviews at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Adults (≥18 years) requiring long-term PPI therapy for GERD, chronic gastritis, or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Exclusion criteria: Patients with H. pylori-related peptic ulcers, malabsorption conditions, or pre-existing electrolyte/vitamin deficiencies needing treatment. Intervention groups: Participants in the intervention group received oral omeprazole (20–40 mg daily), while the control group received famotidine or sucralfate. Electrolyte, mineral, and vitamin levels were monitored at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Nutritional supplements were not allowed, and those lost to follow-up were excluded from analysis. Main outcome variables: The main outcome measures were changes in electrolyte, mineral, and vitamin levels, as well as treatment side effects and effectiveness.

Study aim: To compare the effectiveness of Silodosin and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in patients admitted for management of lower ureteric stone. Design: Randomized Clinical Trial Settings and conduct: The trial was double-blind and commenced at the Urology department of LUMHS, Jamshoro from August 2023 to July 2024. Blinding maintenance was ensured by using envelopes/slips that indicate only the group allocation without revealing the intervention details, keeping trial participants, data collectors, and outcome assessors blinded; additionally, interventions were designed to appear identical where feasible, such as in color, consistency, or packaging. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria:Patients between the ages of 15-70 years, both gender, and having stone sizes 5-10mm in the lower ureteric region were included. Exclusion Criteria:Patients having a single functional kidney before treatment, previous ureteric surgery, ureteric stones bilaterally, stricture in the ureteric region, previous stone passage, using alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers, and pregnant women and patients who lost follow up were excluded. Intervention groups: Group A 8 mg capsule of Silodosin was given for 28 days and once daily and advised for urine collection and discontinuation of the medication upon passage of stone, with the time and date of passage recorded. Group B underwent ESWL Main outcome variables: Demographic and basekine data, including age, duration of symptoms, BMI, hypertensive status, and diabetes, were recorded. Baseline investigations, including a computed tomography (CT) scan of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB), were performed to measure the size of the stone. After 1 month of treatment, patients underwent computed tomography scans to detect any residual stones or fragments in the ureter. If stones were not found, the patient was classified as stone-free.

Study aim: To determine the effectiveness of topical application of 0.5% Timolol Maleate in chronic recalcitrant heel fissures Design: A Single-arm non randomized clinical trial with a group design of 150 patents enrolled between 06 June 2023 and 12 December 2023, and followed up for 1 month. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted on patients reporting in dermatology out-patient-department of a Tertiary care hospital. Data will be collected on a pre-designed proforma. Patients' anonymity will be maintained by keeping their identity hidden, and a code will be generated for them. Confidentiality of the data will be maintained by restricting the data only to the first author or the direct author/s who will collect the data. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: patients with chronic heel, plantar fissures. Ages between 18 to 75 years Both genders included Exclusion criteria: Patients taking oral beta blockers Known allergy to beta blockers Patients with chronic dermatosis affecting feet i.e. psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, keratoderma etc. Intervention groups: Intervention group includes 150 patients having heel fissures, with no control group for comparison. All will be advised to apply 2-3 drops of Timolol Maleate 0.5% on heel fissures at bet time for 2 weeks, A follow-up will be requested after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of application. Main outcome variables: Quantitative Variables : age, humidity, room temperature, Measurement of Heel Fissures Qualitative variables, such as Gender, Diabetes, Acute or Chronic Diseases, Pre-existing Skin Condition, Hydra/Aqua Working Environment, Exposure to the chemical on routine basis, Regular use of closed foot ware, Prolong standing workstation and scaling variables such as Severity Scale of Skin, and Photographic Scaling of Heel

, Karachi. 2. Country: Pakistan. 3. Tertiary care hospital. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Muhammad Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Center, Multan, Pakistan. After approval obtained from the

hospital in Punjab, Pakistan over period of 6 months from April, 2023 to October, 2023. The sample size was