Study aim: To find the comparative effects of Transcutaneous Electrical nerve stimulation and labor exercises on pain, duration and behavioral response of primigravida women. Design: Study design was randomized control trial Settings and conduct: Study Setting was Gynecological Department, Social Security Hospital, Multan Road, Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria encompassed females aged 20-35, primigravida women at 38 to 40 weeks' gestation, experiencing the first stage of labor with cervical dilation between 3 to 4 centimeters. Exclusion criteria included females with uterine issues, cervical cerclage, hypertension, urinary incontinence, or diagnosed psychological issues. Intervention groups: Both groups received transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as conventional therapy. Group A received TENS along with labor exercises, while Group B received TENS without labor exercises. Main outcome variables: Pain, Duration and behavioral response

Study aim: The main aim of this study is to determine the effects of mechanical cervical traction with and without sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) on pain, functional disability and quality of life among patients with mechanical neck pain. Design: It will be single blinded study, in which the accessor will be unaware of the treatment group. Settings and conduct: The data will be collected from the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. The study population will be consisted of patients with mechanical neck pain. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: •Both male and female academic staff of University of Lahore. •Patients with NPRS score between 3 and 6 for more than three months. •Patients with screen time greater than 6 hours per day. Exclusion criteria: •Degenerative diseases ( inflammatory arthritis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis) •Recent weight loss and history of tumor around neck. •Patient taking anticoagulants. •History of neck trauma due to RTA, fall or other accidents. •Recent fracture or dislocation. •Previous surgery of cervical and upper thoracic spine. •Pregnant females. Intervention groups: Intervention Group A: Mechanical cervical traction with SNAGS and routine physical therapy to check how it influence the pain, functional disability and quality of life. Group B: mechanical cervical traction and routine physical therapy will be provided to the patients Main outcome variables: Numeric Pain Rating Scale for Pain Neck Disability Index for Functional Disability Short Form -36 for Quality of Life.

Study aim: To evaluate the effects of METS and Deep friction massage along with Static Stretching of Extesnsor carpi Radialis brevis in patients with lateral epicondylitis. Design: Pragmatic, community based, parallel group, double binding, randomised clinical trial the calculated sample size is 24. After adding 20% dropout ratio, it becomes 30. Settings and conduct: Conduct randomized clinical trial blinding Double blinding was used as patient and assessor was blind, i.e, patient was unware of which treatment was applied to them and assessor was also unware during assessment which treatment was provided to that subject. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients with pain in extension of wrist with resistance Patients having pain with passive wrist flexion with the elbow extension Tenderness on palpation on elbow Moderate level of pain (4/10) Age b/w 25 to 50 years Positive Cozen’s Test Exclusion Criteria Neurological Deficit Previous trauma to the elbow region History of recent surgery in cervical region, upper limb or heart related surgery Dislocation of elbow in pervious 3months Diagnosed degenerative disease Intervention groups: Subjects in Group A received MET Group B was treated two times a week for four weeks with deep transverse friction massage at the tendon origin for 15 minutes. Main outcome variables: Pain, Wrist grip, Functional limitation

Study aim: Effects of Robotic hand training device on upper limb motor functions, dexterity, and grip strength in chronic stroke patients in Pakistan Design: A concealed, randomized, single blinded, sham controlled clinical trial with a parallel group design of 38 patients, enrolled between August

Study aim: Our study aims to study the analgesic efficacy of the nebulized form ketamine with intravenous paracetamol versus paracetamol alone for post-operative analgesia in pediatric cases undergoing general anesthesia for elective tonsillectomy as a day care procedure. Design: Prospective Study, parallel group, double blind study, non probability consecutive sampling Settings and conduct: a double-blind method was used to prevent bias. Participants in group K received intravenous paracetamol 10 mg/kg with nebulized ketamine 2 mg/kg diluted in 5 ml given over 5 minutes 15 minutes before induction whereas group P received intravenous paracetamol 15 mg/kg with nebulization with 5 ml normal saline as placebo 15 minutes before the procedure. The anesthetist preparing the solutions was given sealed non-descript bottles with the nebulizing preparations and the trainee in the operating room did not know of the drug in the nebulizer while also unaware of the study protocol. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria included all ASA-I and II male and female pediatric patients aged 7-12 years coming to the pre-anesthesia clinic for elective tonsillectomy as a day care procedure. Exclusion criteria included patients with any co-morbidity requiring admission, history of upper or lower respiratory tract infection in the last 2 weeks, major cardiovascular abnormalities, un co-operative patients and patients unwilling to be included in the study. Intervention groups: Patients were divided into two groups K and P with group P to receive intravenous paracetamol 10 mg/kg pre-operatively while group K to receive pre-operative intravenous paracetamol at 10 mg/kg along with nebulized ketamine at 2 mg/kg 15 minutes before induction. Main outcome variables: Post-operative median pain scores were calculated in the recovery

Study aim: The main aim of this study is to compare the post-operative analgesic efficacy of thoracic epidural block when compared with erector spinae plane block in patients post-thoracotomies Design: Randomized controlled trial. Method of randomization was non-probability consecutive by lottery method. Settings and conduct: Patients were randomized into two groups thoracic epidural block (Group T) and erector spinae group (Group E) an informed written consent was taken .Standard monitoring was attached in both groups . After securing IV line and preparing patient patient in Group T were placed in sitting position and 18G tuohy needle was passed for catheter in T3-6 epidural space .In Erector Spinae Group patoent were placed in semi lateral position and block was performed as per NYSORA guidelines and 20G catheter placed in situ for infusion in next 24 person ours. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria included all male and female patients between ages 25-75 years presenting in the operating room for elective thoracotomies. Exclusion Criteria included patients with metastatic disease, major cardiac or respiratory disease, low ejection fraction, post chemotherapy, allergy to lignocaine or bupivacaine, patients with advanced polytrauma causing hemodynamic instability, patients with oxygen saturation less than 92 percent after supplemental oxygen or patients unwilling to be included in the trial. Intervention groups: Patients were divided into two interventional groups thoracic epidural block group (Group T) (n=20) and erector spinae block group (Group E) (n=20). Main outcome variables: Mean time to first dose analgesia Total dose of intravenous analgesia needed in 24 hours Median pain scores at 1,3,6,12 and 24 hours Patient satisfaction Score for pain relief in 24 hours

Study aim: To compare the effects of electrical dry needling in addition to routine physiotherapy on pain, range of motion, and functional disability in patients with moderate e knee osteoarthritis. Design: Randomized clinical Trial. single-blinded, 92 samples, parallel groups, randomized by computer-generated method and further concealed envelop method used for allocation in the group. In the envelope, 1 will be code for the control group and 2 will be code for the experimental group. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted by Physical Therapy Department of the UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE Teaching Hospital, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Age group 30-60 years. • Both male and female. • Patients with degenerated osteoarthritis. • Unilaterally, most painful knee will be treated. • Moderate osteoarthritis, Grade II and III. • Radiologically diagnosed knee osteoarthritis. • Chronic knee pain for more than three months. • Less than half an hour of morning stiffness. Exclusion Criteria: • Any previous trauma, fracture, subluxation, dislocation, surgery, or bony abnormalities around the knee joint in the past six months. • Cancer • Suppression of the immune system • Pregnancy • Recent infection • Any dermatological issues • Unexplained weight loss/gain • Dysfunction of bladder Intervention groups: Group (A) Initially, routine physical therapy exercises will be performed including hot pack for 10 minutes of duration, manual therapy including passive mobilization of knee joint, strengthening exercises & muscle stretching. Group (B) participants will receive Electrical Dry Needling with routine physical therapy exercises. Electrical Dry Needling for 10 minutes at frequency of 2 Hz , width of 100us and continuous biphasic waveform through 2 diagonal channels of 4 needles for 3 times a week. Main outcome variables: Pain, Range of motion and functional disability

Study aim: The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of SNAG and cervicoscapular strengthening on pain intensity, headache frequency and duration, and quality of life in patients with cervicogenic headache Design: Randomized, superiority, parallel-group trial with blinded outcome assessment. Randomization was centralized and computerized with computer-generated random numbers sequence carried out at an external site. Settings and conduct: participants, healthcare providers who care for participants during the trial, data collectors, outcome assessors, and with lesser importance data safety and monitoring board and manuscript writers. outcome assessor will the blind in the study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Participants will be added to the study if they are 18 to 45 of age, both male and female, have unilateral headaches without side shift, have positive flexion rotation test, have had headaches for 3 months for a minimum of once per week, and have pain intensity equal or less than 4 on numeric pain rating scale, participants will be excluded from the study if they are suffering from dizziness, any visual problem, or have a congenital problem of the cervical spine. Intervention groups: Group A: participants in this group will receive SNAG and cervicoscapular strengthening with a hot pack for 5 weeks with 3 sessions per week on alternate days. Group B: participants will receive cervicoscapular strengthening with a hot pack for 5 weeks with 3 sessions per week on alternate days. Main outcome variables: Numeric pain rating scale, Headache questionnaire sheet, Headache impact test-6.

Study aim: The aim of this study is to Compare effects of Kinesio taping with or without conventional physical therapy in obese women with pes planus. Design: A single blinded randomized controlled trial, conducted on 72 patients, equally divided into two groups, single centered study. Settings and conduct: The university of Lahore teaching hospital, single blinded study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Age of young adults (25-60) years having navicular drop with BMI Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) above(<25) considering obese female are included and Skeletal or structural injury of lower extremities, Ankle sprain or surgery within 6 months, Any nervous system diseases or Any nervous system diseases are excluded. Intervention groups: 70 patients will be randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The control group will receive kinseio taping while the experimental group will receive kinesio taping along with conventional physical therapy. Main outcome variables: Navicular Drop, Foot Functionality.

Study aim: To determine the effects of strain counter-strain technique with and without dry needling on pain, range of motion, functional disability and quality of life in patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction. Design: Randomized clinical trial, single blinded study, two parallel groups with 32 patients from Al syed Touqeer Altaf surgical Hospital Lahore Settings and conduct: The trial will be conducted at Al syed Touqeer Altaf surgical Hospital Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patient of age 25-50 years, Both Male and female patients, patient having pain in lower back and buttocks from last 3 months, NPRS score greater than 4. Inclusion criteria: Acute injury or fracture of the lower limb and spine, previous major lumbar or hip surgery, Infection, pregnancy, Congenital spinal deformity, Malignancy Intervention groups: Group A:Strain counterstrain technique with dry needling will be given to group A along with conventional therapy Group B: Strain counterstrain technique will be given to group B along with conventional therapy Main outcome variables: Pain, Range of motion, functional disability, quality of life

Study aim: The aim of this study is to compare improvement in Quality of life after nutritional counselling among post-op MGB patients. Design: Prospective comparative study Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted in General Surgery Department, Ammar Medical complex Lahore, Pakistan

Study aim: To compare the effects of Mc Gill versus Lee stabilization exercises on pain, disability, range of motion, quality of life and endurance in patient with chronic nonspecific low back pain Design: The trial will be conducted at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore.The participant will be blinded by the concealment of the technique that will be used on them. Settings and conduct: Randomized clinical trial, single blinded study, two parallel groups with 32 patients from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria Both male and female patient Age 30–50 years Patient with a history of 3 months nonspecific low back pain Pain intensity (3-7) according to NPRS score Exclusion Criteria Any lumbar surgery Spinal stenosis Neurological dysfunction Systemic disease Pregnancy Intervention groups: Intervention group 1 :The Mc Gill group in the study will follow a six-week exercise regimen, where they will participate in sessions thrice a week week with 6-10 repetition : ⦁ Curl-Up, ⦁ Bird-Dog, ⦁ Side Plank Intervention group 2: The Lee Stabilization group in the study will follow a six-week exercise protocol specific to the Lee Stabilization method, attending sessions three times a week. The main exercises will be Upper-Body Extension,Alternate Arm and Leg Lift,Alternate Arm and Leg Extension on All Fours, Diagonal Curl Up and Curl up with arms at sides, tilt pelvis to flatten back. Main outcome variables: Pain,disability, range of motion, quality of life and endurance

Study aim: This study investigates the effect of virtual reality (VR) intervention in improving balance, in acute and sub acute stroke patients Design: Parallel, Single blinded, Randomised control trial with 50 sample size Settings and conduct: Allied hospital Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. It was a

at Muhammad Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Center, Multan, Pakistan. After approval obtained from

conducted at The Department of Pediatric Medicine, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

Study aim: The aim of this study is to compare the analgesic efficacy when intravenous lignocaine is used as adjuvant analgesia in burn patients during change of dressing under general anesthesia Design: Two arm single blinded parallel group randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: This randomized controlled trial was carried out at the Department of Anesthesiology, Combined Military Hospital from Jan-Jun 2023. Participants were single blinded by using non-descript marked burettes one containing ligonicaine and one containing normal saline (placebo) prepared before the start of surgery. patients were not told about the preparation details. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria included all ASA status patients presenting to the operating room for change of dressing under general anesthesia for full thickness burns (extending all dermal layers including bone, tissues, and ligaments). Exclusion criteria included patients with metastatic disease, major cardiac or respiratory disease, low ejection fraction, post chemotherapy, pregnant females, patients with partial thickness burns and unwilling to be included in the study Intervention groups: The patients were divided into two groups after randomization in Group L (n=45) as the intravenous lignocaine group and Group A (n=45) as the non-adjuvant group without intravenous lignocaine. Main outcome variables: Primary variables measured were mean heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturation 5 minutes post-intubation and 15 minutes into the procedure and median pain scores 1-hour post-extubation in the recovery on standardized Visual Analog Scale.

Study aim: Aim of this study is to explore the correlates (B.P, pulse rate, oxygen saturation, glucose level, lipid profile, temperature, respiration rate) of young adults with acute pneumonia of Multan that are associated with body mass index and cardiorespiratory and renal parameters health. Design: randomization single group desgin triple blinding study Settings and conduct: Ch. Pervaiz Elahi Institute of Cardiology Multan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Including criteria • Young adults • Age group of 18-30 • Acute pneumonia patient • Acute pneumonia patients from Multan • Good mental health Excluding criteria • Any type of physical disability • Acute pneumonia patients with active infection • Any type of mental disorder • Any type of major surgery • Older adults • Childs • Smear positive respiratory sample Intervention groups: We take three groups. Group A Group B Group C In Group A we take 18 participants .They perform forced expiratory technique exercises. In Group B we take 17 participants .They perform chest phyiotherapy exercises. In Group C we take 18 participants.They perform pursed lips breathing exercises. Main outcome variables: This study will investigate the correlation of cardiorespiratory fitness and renal parameters with body mass index and in young adults with acute pneumonia of Multan and also investigate the respiratory improvements. We will expect the positive and negative correlation.

Study aim: The purpose of the present study is find the association in integrated patient education and routine physical therapy in patient of sub acromial pain syndrome. Design: randomized control trial Settings and conduct: Muhmmad rehabilitation center multan Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: • . Inclusion Criteria Both Male and Female • Age ≥40(9) • Primary complaint of shoulder with or without referral in the upper limb for ≥ 3 months • Shoulder pain provoked with resisted abduction and lateral rotation contraction • Limitation to the range of motion of glenohumeral joint in the comparison to the contralateral side Exclusion Criteria • Shoulder pain in the last 6 months. • Known systemic inflammatory disorder. • Cervical repeated movement testing affecting shoulder pain and range of movement. • Severe depressive symptoms, suicidal inclination or psychotic illness. Intervention groups: 2 group are included in which 1 group have 10 patients with light weight exercise and educate the routine physical activity and 2 group have 11 patients with mobilization and educate the routine physical activity Main outcome variables: We are expecting that the patient education and routine physical therapy decrease the sub acromial pain syndrome.

Study aim: To compare the effects of myofascial release and Bowen therapy on pain, range of motion, disability and posture (craniovertebral angle, rounded shoulder angle) in patients with text neck syndrome: Design: Randomized clinical trial, single blinded study, two parallel groups with 32 patients from University Of Lahore Teaching Hospital Lahore Settings and conduct: The trial will be conducted at University Of Lahore Teaching Hospital Lahore. The participant will be blinded by concealment of the technique that will be used on the participant. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION CRITERIA: Both male and female patients, 18-35 years of age, Using smartphones>2 hours a day patient having neck pain which is increased by sustained posture and feeling of stiffness on turning the head and neck after long usages, NPRS > 3, NDI ≥10, Craniovertebral angle<50°, Rounded shoulder angle>52°, Neck pain lasting more than 3 months EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with any spinal infection or inflammatory disorder, Neck surgery or trauma or Malignancy, Torticollis, Scoliosis, Pregnancy, Diagnosed cases of disc prolapse, Stenosis, or Herniation, Spondylolisthesis, Osteoporosis, Those with current use of any medication or physical therapy treatment Intervention groups: Group A: Myofascial release will be given to group A along with conventional therapy Group B: Bowen therapy will be given to group B along with conventional therapy Main outcome variables: Pain intensity, Neck disability, Cervical ROM, Postural assessment

& Maxillofacial Surgery Department at Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Participants

Study aim: To compare the effects of core stability with and without stretching exercises on pain and functional disability in non-specific low back pain. Design: The study was a Randomized controlled trial. Randomization was done through drawing a number. Settings and conduct: Study was conducted at layyah city hospital of govt college university Faisalabad layyah campus. The study population was consisted of patients with non specific with low back pain. The study was single blinded. The participants didn't know while they were receiving experimental or conventional treatment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age 25 – 65 years; Both genders; Non-specific low back pain for at least 3 months ; Pain intensity of 3 or higher based on Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Non-inclusion Criteria: History of spinal surgery; History of ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis; History of spondylolisthesis or spondylolysis; History of spinal or pelvic fracture; History of spinal inflammation or tumor; History of osteoporosis; Continuous use of pain medications; History of respiratory or heart disease; History of stroke. Intervention groups: Intervention group: participants performed core stabilization exercises with stretching for 30 min, 3 times/week, for 6 weeks. Control group: they performed core stabilization exercises i.e abdominal hollowing, straight leg raise from prone, supine extension bridge and prone bridge, for 20 minutes 3 times a week. Main outcome variables: Pain; Disabilty

Study aim: The aim of the study is compare the effect of Alfredson vs Silbernagel eccentric protocol on clinical outcomes in Amateur players with Achilles tendinopathy Design: A single blinded randomized controlled trial, conducted on 72 patients, equally divided into two groups, single centered study. Settings and conduct: The university of Lahore teaching hospital, single blinded study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Age of 18-40 years, Both male and female with Grade 1, Grade 2 – Tendinopathy (grade 1 represents a normal tendon; grade 2 an enlarged tendon) and Clinical diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy. Arc test, Thompson test, RLH test are diagnostic tests are included. Achilles tendon rupture, History of invasive intervention for AT on more painful side, Diagnosed systemic inflammatory conditions (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis),Any other lower limb pathology are excluded. Intervention groups: 72 patients will be randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The control group will receive Alfredson eccentric protocol while the experimental group will receive Silbernagel eccentric protocol. Main outcome variables: Pain, Quality of life

Study aim: The aim of the study is to compare the effects of Motor Relearning program and Action Observation therapy on balance and gait in chronic stroke patients. Design: study design is Randomized control trial Settings and conduct: DHQ hospital sahiwal Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: • Those who were diagnosed with cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction based on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. • Both male and female • Patients age 50-70 years • Chronic stroke patients (after 6 months of first stroke) • Medically stable patients having a single stroke • No visual field defects • No abnormality in the vestibular organs • A score greater than 24-30 in mini-mental test • Patients that will be able to fulfill and comprehend the command. • 2–4 muscle power in the affected side (Medical Research Council-MRC Muscle scale 2–4) exclusion criteria: • Patients with orthopedic diseases (such as contracture) in the trunk and both lower extremity. • History of fall in last 6 months • A history of other neurological diseases or disorders (Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s) • Manual muscle testing below grade II • Those who are receiving other related therapy through the study, which may affect the efficacy of this study; • Those with any contraindications to start rehabilitation (i.e. severe uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes or unstable angina) Intervention groups: Group A will receive intervention Motor Relearning Program with conventional treatment and Group B will receive Action Observation Therapy with conventional treatment. All participants will receive interventions for 35-40 minutes per session, three times a week, for eight weeks. Main outcome variables: Balance and Gait

Study aim: To compare clinical parameters and post-operative recovery when using dexmedetomidine versus propofol after induction with sevoflurane in children undergoing elective diagnostic MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Design: Randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: This randomized controlled trial was carried out at the Department of Anesthesia, Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi from Jan 2023-Jun 2023 Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: included all children aged 1-12 years of age presenting to the pre-anesthesia clinic for diagnostic MRI. Exclusion criteria: included patients <1 and >18 years, children with congenital heart disease or other congenital anomalies of major organs, children with known allergy to propofol or dexmedetomidine, children with major cardiac or respiratory disease, history of general anesthesia in the last 8 weeks, children with respiratory tract infections and children requiring intubation during the procedure for any indication required. Intervention groups: Inhalational induction with Sevoflurane 1.0 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) was carried out and weight and age-appropriate i-gel (Laryngeal mask airway) was inserted to secure the airway. Maintenance of anesthesia was then carried out with IV Propofol and IV Dexmedetomidine in respective groups. Sevoflurane was then shut off and maintenance doses of both drugs were started. Patients in Group P (IV Propofol) received a maintenance infusion of 100 mcg/kg/min whereas patients in Group D (IV Dexmedetomidine) received a dose of 1 mcg/kg/hour titrated in an infusion pump till the time of completion of the procedure. Main outcome variables: heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and respiratory rate recorded every 5 minutes during the maintenance of anesthesia till the end of the procedure.

Study aim: Our study aims to use dexmedetomidine in reduction of emergence delirium in children undergoing elective adenotonsillectomy after general anesthesia. Design: This quasi experimental study was carried out at the Department of Anesthesiology, Combined Military Hospital from Jun-Dec 2023. A total of 90 patients (WHO minimum sample size 28) were included in the study keeping the confidence interval at 95%, power of test at 80%, with the proportion of children experiencing emergence delirium with per-operative dexmedetomidine infusion compared to placebo at 26% versus 60.8%10. Settings and conduct: Double blinding where study group, resident and accessor were unaware. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria included all ASA-I and II pediatric patients aged 6-12 years of age presenting in the pre-anesthesia clinic requiring general anesthesia fitness for elective adenotonsillectomy. Exclusion criteria included patients with congenital anomalies, history if ICU admission in the last 3 months, advanced cardiac or respiratory disease, patients on anti-psychotics or mood stabilizers, allergic to dexmedetomidine and patients or their parents unwilling to be included in the study. Intervention groups: Patients were divided into two groups as per the inclusion criteria and sampling technique specified. After being divided into two groups, Group D (n=45) to receive per-operative intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine at 0.3 mcg/kg dilutes in 50 ml of normal saline over 5 minutes and Group P (n=45) to receive the placebo dosing of 50 ml normal saline over 5 minutes. Main outcome variables: Primary variables studies were the total incidence of emergence delirium between both groups, median PAED (pediatric assessment emergence delirium) score . Secondary variables measured were mean time to discharge and total dose of analgesia required post-operatively.