will be including centers of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Allied Hospital, Nusrat Abdul Rauf Center

Study aim: • To assess the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat (POST) in patients receiving preoperative nebulized dexamethasone and intravenous ketorolac. • To compare the anti-inflammatory effect of Steroid (Dexamethasone) versus non-steroid (Ketorolac tromethamine) in reducing POST. Design: This study employed a randomized, double-blinded research design. Settings and conduct: The study was be conducted at Farooq Hospital, DHA, specifically within the Department of Anesthesia. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Patients aged 18 – 50 undergoing surgeries that require endotracheal intubation after general anesthesia • ASA Physical status of I–III. • Patient giving informed consent. Exclusion criteria. • Patient known to be allergic to study drugs. • Asthmatic or COPD patients. • ASA physical status IV – VI • The Patient has a pre-existing sore throat or pain • Surgeries involving the neck, throat, or airway. • Upper respiratory tract infection. • Patients with a history of renal disease Intervention groups: Interventions: Group K (Ketorolac group): Participants in this group will receive intravenous ketorolac tromethamine preoperatively, 15–30 minutes before induction of general anesthesia. Group D (Dexamethasone group): Participants in this group will receive nebulized dexamethasone preoperatively, 15–30 minutes before induction of general anesthesia. Main outcome variables: Main Outcome Variables: Incidence of Postoperative Sore Throat (POST): Presence or absence of sore throat at 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours after extubation. Severity of Postoperative Sore Throat: Measured using the STAT-10 scale at 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-extubation. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Intervention: Assessed indirectly through reduction in sore throat severity scores between the two groups.

Study aim: The aim of the study will be to determine the effects of Active release technique and myofascial technique on Pain, hip range of motion, functional disability in patients with piriformis syndrome. Design: Parallel group randomized clinical trial and Randomization will be achieved through computer generated random number table. Settings and conduct: Zubaida Hospital and Fatima Trust Hospital, patients and outcome assessor will be blinded. It will be assessor and participant who will be blinded about the type of intervention. Treatment will be given by principal /investigator. Patients in each group will also be blinded about type of intervention they will receive Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age: 20- 40 years, Gender: Both male and female, Deep-seated buttock pain with radiating pain, especially intolerable sitting pain, Tenderness of the piriformis muscle, Positive Fair test Exclusion Criteria: Intermittent vascular claudication, spondylolisthesis, Past history of vertebral fracture, Past history of spinal surgery, Spinal tuberculosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis/Osteoarthritis, Disc pathology and mechanical back pain, Avascular necrosis of femoral head, Fracture of femur and hip joint dislocation Intervention groups: Intervention group A: They will receive Active release technique and conventional treatment in form of hot pack for 10-15 minutes then piriformis muscle will be stretched for 30 seconds hold comprising of 3 sets. Session duration will be 40-50 minutes, twice a week, 8 sessions over 4 weeks Intervention group B: They will receive Myofascial release technique and conventional treatment in from of hot pack for 10-15 minutes then piriformis muscle will be stretched with 30 seconds hold comprising of 3 sets. Session duration will be 40-50 minutes twice a week, 8 sessions over 4 weeks Main outcome variables: Pain, range of motion and functional disability

Settings and conduct: At Muhammad's physical therapy clinic and rehabilitation center, Multan, Pakistan, 90

Study aim: To find out whether graston or laser, comparative or combined helps in speedy recovery of MTrPs of upper Trapezius To change in quality of life of participants after treatment Design: Pragmatic, parallel group, single blind, randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: The trial is conducted in Allied hospital, Faisalabad and Al- Nawab physiotherapy clinic, Faisalabad. Subjects are chosen according to inclusion criteria. They are asked for their consent to involve them in clinical trial. Subjects are blinded as they don't know about their treatment protocol and group. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Females aged 18 to 50 years old with bilateral myofascial pain syndrome of the upper trapezius muscle. According to Simon’s diagnostic criteria five major and one minor sign of myofascial fascial pain syndrome was diagnosed in participants. Complaint of pain from at least 8 weeks Pain score between 30mm to 80mm on VAS Neck extension range up to 30 degrees Neck right and left side flexion range up to 20 degrees NDI score between 10 and 24 Exclusion criteria: Neck or shoulder pain that has lasted less than 8 weeks Within the previous three months, local injectable physiotherapy. Infection Febrile state Cervical radiculopathy symptoms Hypertension that has not been treated Coagulatory disease or anticoagulant therapy Injury to the cervical spine or surgery Implants and metal devices Intervention groups: 3 intervention groups has been made; Group A is the graston therapy group, Group B is the Laser therapy group and groups C is the graston and laser therapy group (it will be given both therapies in combination). Main outcome variables: Pain Neck disability index score Cervical extension range of motion Cervical right lateral flexion range of motion Cervical left lateral flexion range of motion

Study aim: 1- To determine the efficacy of administered placebo in enhancing the physical fitness in adolescents. 2- To check the relationship between administered placebo and motivation level in adolescents. Design: RCT Settings and conduct: Schools of Islamabad/ Rawalpindi. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria  Healthy Adolescents of Rawalpindi/Islamabad.  Age: 10-19 (According to WHO) both genders, after taking written consent of participants from their parents/ guardians. Exclusion Criteria  Diagnosed cases of acute or chronic diseases  Adolescent with any deformity or Psychological illness  Family history of sudden cardiac death, comorbidities (Asthma and Diabetes)  History of exercise associated with dizziness, pre-syncope or collapse  Refusal of giving informed consent Intervention groups: 1- Control group 2- Experimental group Control group: Control group adolescents will be pre-tested on four fitness tests (sit & reach test, reduced cooper test, broad jump and 20 meter running) and motivation level using Physical activity and leisure motivation scale PALMS by the first investigator. Then there would be a break of 30 minutes in which they will only receive water. After that, all the participants will be Post- tested on the basis of same fitness tests and motivation scale as mentioned above. Experimental group: In this group adolescents will be pre-tested on the same fitness tests and motivation as mentioned above. Then in the break these adolescents will be given placebo drink (included water + red food color) along with leaflet (statement written reinforcing the effect of placebo drink), and will be post tested by using same tests as mentioned in control group. Main outcome variables: Distance Time Exertion Motivation Pulse rate

conduct: The study will be conducted at Farhan Physio and Rehab Clinic Peshawar Pakistan and our study

Study aim: 1) To determine the effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular facilitation with and without Mirror Therapy on clinical recovery in Bell’s palsy patients 2) To determine the effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular facilitation with and without Mirror Therapy on synkinesis in Bell’s palsy patients 3) To determine the effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular facilitation with and without Mirror Therapy on quality of life in Bell’s palsy patients Design: Two arm parallel group randomized trail with blinded assessor and outcome assessment of 60 participants Settings and conduct: Data will be conducted from department of Physical Therapy, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. This is a single blinded study in which outcome evaluation assessor will be unaware of treatment which assigned to groups. Data will be assessed by assessor at baseline, at the end of 3rd week, at the end of 6th and at the end of 9th week. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Aged between 25-50 years • Both Male and females • Patients with unilateral Bells’ Palsy diagnosed by neurologist • Patients with moderate to severe Bell’s palsy (House-Brackmann Scale facial nerve grading 3 and 4) • Patients with unilateral bell’s palsy Exclusion Criteria: • Patients with Autoimmune/ hematologic disease • Patients with Inflammatory disease(e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis) • Patients with any neurodegenerative disease • Patients with cognitive impairments Intervention groups: All the screened and willing participants will be randomly allocated to two groups where Group A will receive proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation with mirror therapy and Group B will receive proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation without mirror therapy by lottery method. Main outcome variables: House Brackman scale(HBS), Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire, and Facial clinimetric Evaluation Scale(FaCE)

Study aim: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of combined treatment with Ketoconazole 2% Cream and Adapalene 0.1% Gel versus Ketoconazole 2% Cream alone in the management of Pityriasis Versicolor. The study aims to compare clinical outcomes, including symptom resolution, improvement in lesion count, and patient satisfaction between the two treatment regimens. Design: Community-based, parallel group, non-blind, randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: This study will be conducted on patients presenting in dermatology OPD fulfilling the inclusion criteria, and Study is Not blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria for the study are diagnosed cases of Pityriasis Versicolor, patients aged 18–60 years of either sex, and those willing to provide informed consent. The exclusion criteria include patients with known hypersensitivity or allergy to Ketoconazole or Adapalene, concurrent diseases such as hyperthyroidism or hyperhidrosis, pregnant or lactating women, and individuals who have received treatment within the last 8 weeks. Intervention groups: Group A will receive a combined treatment of Ketoconazole 2% Cream and Adapalene 0.1% Gel, applied once daily for two weeks. Group B will receive Ketoconazole 2% Cream alone, applied once daily for the same duration Main outcome variables: Clinical improvement (more than 50% improvement in lesions), negative fluorescence on Wood's lamp examination, and a negative result on KOH examination of skin scrapings after four weeks of treatment.

Study aim: The objective of this study to compare the efficacy of dapsone and intralesional meglumine antimoniate with intralesional meglumine antimoniate in patients presenting with Cutaneous leishmaniasis.the study aims to show complete response; complete re-epithelialization, disappearance of edema, induration, lesions becoming flatter and turning from erythematous to residual hyperpigmentation in colour assessed on photograph and clinical examination. Design: Community-based ,parallel , non blind , randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: This study will be conducted on patients presenting in Dermatology OPD fulfilling the inclusion criteria , Study is Not blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Patients between 16-60 years of age, patients with positive smear or skin biopsies for amastigotes, lesions four or less in number and no lesion more than 4cm in size. ·       Either gender ·       Willing to provide informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: Pregnant or lactating women, sporotrichoid spread, use of any anti-leishmania treatment in the past 3 months, lesions at sites that merit systemic antimonials, allergy to antimonials and patients with history of liver disease, patient having G6PD deficiency will be excluded from the study . Intervention groups: Group-A will receive intralesional meglumine antimoniate weekly and Group-B will receive oral dapsone (initially 25 mg/day for 01 week then 50mg/day onwards) with monitoring of Blood CP and Liver function tests and weekly intralesional meglumine antimoniate.co Main outcome variables: Showing complete response; complete re-epithelialization, disappearance of edema, induration, lesions becoming flatter and turning from erythematous to residual hyperpigmentation in colour assessed on photograph and clinical examination.

Study aim: aim is to select the optimal treatment for pitryasis versicolor. Design: Pragmatic, community based, parallel group, not blind, randomised controlled trial. Settings and conduct: This study will be conducted on patients presenting in dermatology OPD fullfilling the incluaion criteria. Study is Not blinded Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: 60 participants, 30 in each group. All patients who will have clinically pitryasis versicolor leisions as pe operational definition within age range of 18-60years and willing to provide informed consent are included. Patients who are previously treated and are allergic to topical medication are excluded. Patients develop side effects during study also excluded. Intervention groups: Group A of 30 patients will recieve topical bifonazole Group B of 30 patients will recieve topical clotrimazole Main outcome variables: Efficacy with clinical and mycological cure: yes/no Side effects if any: yes/no

Study aim: To compare the surgical outcome and post op complications of symphysis and parasymhysis fractures in 3-D and conventional miniplating plating system. Design: A single blinded, randomized control trial in which cases and controls were sampled via consecutive sampling with concealed envelope method with a sample size of 62, enrolled between August 2023 to August 2024 Settings and conduct: 30 Military Dental Centre, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar Cantt., Peshawar, KPK Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Pain following history of fall/ RTA/ trauma Age range of 18-50. Both genders, Male and Female American Society of Anesthesiologist ASA Class 1 Isolated mandible fracture Exclusion criteria: Infection at site of fracture Malunited fractures Comminuted fractures Panfacial trauma Patients with a bone pathology (Osteomyelitis, Osteoporosis and Paget’s Disease) Chronic Illness (Diabetes, Asthma and Hypertension) Intervention groups: Under strict aseptic conditions, general anesthesia and local anesthesia given in fracture vicinity by a single surgical team. Temporary MMF will be done using eyelets and tie wires to achieve best possible occlusion. Plates will be adapted and secured with the help of screws. In Group A patients with 3D plates fixation the upper cross bar will lie in the subapical region. Main outcome variables: 1) Stability 2) Post op pain 3) Wound dehisence 4) Malocclusion

Study aim: Purpose of this current research was to find out the effectiveness of manual therapy in addition to stretching and strengthening exercises in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome in order to improve pain, functional capacity and scapular range of motion. Design: Parallel Single Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Settings and conduct: The Eligible patients for Exercises and Manual Therapy referring to The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital city Lahore during the study period was enrolled in the trial and was randomly allocated to the intervention and control group through block randomization. The trial was single blinded so that physician was not aware of the intervention. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome from more than 3 months History of non-traumatic onset of shoulder pain, positive painful arc during active elevation of arm. positive (Hawkins-Kennedy, Neer’s test). Exclusion: Fracture( clavicle, humerus, Scapula) Systemic Illness numbness or tingling of the upper limb a positive sulcus or apprehension test, positive drop arm test Intervention groups: Group A was treated with exercises and 45 minutes of manual therapy with rest interval of 1 min . The grade lll and lV mobilization were performed including arthrokinematic movements for different sub-joints at the shoulder: Group B was given only strengthening and stretching exercises for both involved and uninvolved sides and session longed for 25-30 minutes. For both Group A and B The participants were assessed pre-intervention and post-intervention(after 4 week).No Of sessions were 3 per week for 4 weeks.Total duration of intervention was 1 month. Main outcome variables: Disability of arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire: Functional Capacity. Numeric Pain Rating Scale :pain. Goniometry :scapular ranges

Study aim: This study aimed to verify the effects of PNE pain neuroscience education compared with the physical exercises techniques in patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Design: The goal of PNE to re-conceptualizing pain observation from a biological or structural model to a bio psychosocial pain perception. Settings and conduct: conduct; Allied Hospital Faisalabad, Aziz Fatima Hospital Faisalabad , Madina Teaching Hospital Faisalabad Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: 34 participants were enrolled, non probability convenience sampling technique was used. Patients divided into 2 groups interventional group and control group. Inclusion criteria: both genders male and female , Age group (40-60) , Lumbar pain which radiates down to leg or radiating below the knee, Diagnosed patients with lumbar radiculopathy , As a minimum Pain score 3/10 on VAS, The following radicular signs:1 Any dermatome between L4 and S1 that is numbness paresthesia, 2 Loss of muscle strengthen any of the L4-S1 myotomes Exclusion Criteria: Spine fracture, Pregnancy, Cauda equine syndrome , Oncological pain ,History of pelvis, hip or spine surgical intervention in the last year, Unimpaired cognition / intelligence (Mini Mental State Examination Score of >24) Intervention groups: In experimental group patients was performed a PNE approach which consists in six sessions 2 time per week, for about 60 minutes with therapeutic physical exercise performed session; 3 sessions per week. Session was completed in 35-45 minutes then cool down phase including with relaxation exercises for 10-15 minutes. Main outcome variables: Pain intensity and Functional disability

Study aim: Till data a limited evidence is available about removal of drain after supra-omohyoid neck dissection (SOND). Drains may be left in patient for longer than necessary, leading to infection, discomfort, longer hospital stay and costs. Design: Two arm parallel group randomized trial with single blinding. Simple randomisation using a randomisation table created by computer software with allocation using concealed envelopes. A sample size of 82 with 41 in the control group and 41 in the study/intervention group at a tertiary care hospital. Settings and conduct: Tertiary care hospital of CMH (Combined Military Hospital) Lahore and CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Consenting Patients between the age of 30 to 65 years of age shall be included. Patients to be excluded would be the ones having hypertension, cardio-pulmonary illnesses, renal and hepatic illnesses, anemia, obesity, free flap surgeries and paralyzed. Intervention groups: On the first postsurgical day, patients shall randomized to either a drain removal threshold of less than 30 mL or less than 100 mL during a 24-hour period Main outcome variables: Drain use duration, hospitalization duration, and wound complications such as infection and seroma for both groups.

Study aim: To find out the effectiveness of McKenzie exercises compared to conventional physical therapy in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. Design: Randomised, superiority, parallel group trial with blinded outcome assessment. Randomisation was centralised and computerised with concealed randomisation sequence carried out at an external site Settings and conduct: Physical therapy department of Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC). Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Male and female individuals • Age 18 to 65 years • Having localized chronic non-specific neck pain from ≥ 3 months Exclusion Criteria: • Cervical radiating pain • History of the neck surgery in the past 12 months • History of spinal cord lesion • Diagnosed cases of serious pathologies like infection, inflammation or malignancy Intervention groups: Control Group: The conventional physical therapy protocol will include active neck exercises, which consists of functional exercises, postural exercises, stretching, relaxation exercises and isometric neck exercises to increase strength or range of motion. Exercise therapy may also be preceded by massage (such as soft tissue release for 5 minutes), stretching, or physical therapy techniques like heat applications (such as hot pack for 10-15 minutes), interferential current, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) application. Experimental Group: The patient will be asked to keep their head as forward-facing as possible while moving it backward as much as they can. Making the movement as large as possible is crucial. After finishing, the patient goes back to their neutral rest position. Main outcome variables: Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for neck pain, Copenhagen neck functional disability scale (CNFDS) to measure neck functional activity and goniometer to measure cervical ROM.

Study aim: To compare the efficacy of intralesional tranexamic acid and topical 4% hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma Design: Comparative prospective study Settings and conduct: Study was conducted at the Dermatology Department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan from 16th

, Pakistan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Patients of both genders

: Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. This setting is used to conduct the

Study aim: To compare the effects of Bowen therapy and tennis ball technique on pain and functional disability in patients with thoracic myofascial pain syndrome Design: This study will be Randomized Clinical Trial, parallel-group, triple blinded Settings and conduct: The trial would be conducted in District Headquarters Hospital Kasur. it would be triple blinded, as the patients, assessor and analyzer would be blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Both male and female patients; Age group 18-40 years old; Only patients reporting pain on numeric pain rating scale above 4; Individuals fulfilling the criteria of five major(spontaneous pain, palpable taut band, localized sharp tenderness, referred pain, decreased ROM) and at least one out of three minor signs (pain on pressure, local twitch response (LTR), decrease in pain by muscle stretching) of myofascial pain syndrome will be included. Exclusion criteria: Patients with fibromyalgia; Individuals with any other deformity like scoliosis; Participant taking anti-inflammatory drugs will be excluded. Intervention groups: Intervention group: group A will receive Bowen therapy, the position of ease will be produced and then small moves at varying pressure will be applied. The treatment will include light, cross-fibre manoeuvres of muscle, tendon with no forceful manipulation. one session will take 15-20 minutes. Intervention group: group B will receive tennis ball technique, position of ease either standing or lying will be achieved, then placing a tennis ball between the body and the wall or floor, Rolling the ball across these areas for a short time will relax the knot. it will take 10 -15 minutes. Main outcome variables: Pain; Functional Disability

Study aim: The study aims to contribute to understanding of the relationship between Mindfulness based stress reduction and academic stress and efficacy of Mindfulness based stress reduction on academic stress for academic benefits . Design: The randomized control trial comprises pre test and post test with a follow up period. Settings and conduct: 160 academic stress students will be selected by purposive sampling technique and were randomly assigned in experimental and control group. The data will analyzed by SPSS through ANCOVA. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: 1) Academic stress which student has.18 to 30 years. A willingness to commit to 2.5 hours of MBSR at the identified times for a period of 8 consecutive. Scores of academic stress moderate levels on the perceived academic scale. Individuals will be excluded if they will not attend at least 2 sessions of MBSR. Moreover those who will be suffering from other medical and mental issues they will engage in any other health program. Intervention groups: An eight week training in Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction consisting of 2.5 hours of instruction per week and 45 minutes per day of home practice. The course will utilize the materials from palousemindfulness.com (permission has been sought and received from the site owner), which include video and written materials. Mindfulness practices include mindful eating, body scans, focused breathing and gentle yoga poses. These are conducted during the sessions and in home practice tasks. The palousemindfulness course is designed to be self-directed. Maximum group numbers will be 10 per group. Main outcome variables: Mindfulness, Academic Stress, Academic Achievement, Academic Self-efficacy, Academic Resilience, Academic Burnout and Suicidal Ideation.

Study aim: The aim of study will be to compare the effects of Myofascial release technique with Cognitive Behavior Therapy on Pain, Craniovertebral angle, Neck Disability in university students with chronic neck pain and forward head posture Design: Parallel group randomized clinical trial and Randomization will be achieved through computer generated random number table. Settings and conduct: Safi Hospital. It will be assessor who will be blinded about the type of intervention. Treatment will be given by principal /investigator Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age group: 18-28 Years, Gender Group: Both male and female participants, Individuals with Craniovertebral angle <53, Individuals having grade 2 neck pain according to KNGF Guidelines. Exclusion Criteria: Past history of shoulder and spine surgery, Congenital problems, Fibromyalgia, Myopathy, Cervical Radiculopathy, Trigger point injections, Any recent accidents Intervention groups: Interventional Group: (Group A) will receive a hot pack for 5 minutes, followed by a 10-minute myofascial release technique. After that, they will perform isometric exercises consisting of six movements, holding each movement for 10 seconds, repeating every five times with a 5-second rest between them. Cognitive behavior therapy will be administered for 20 minutes, utilizing visual aids in the form of videos, images, animations, simple pamphlets, and text. Control Group: (Group B) will receive a hot pack for 5 minutes, followed by a 10-minute myofascial release technique. After that, they will perform isometric exercises consisting of six movements, holding each movement for 10 seconds, repeating every five times with a 5-second rest between them. Then, the patients will be provided with a Reference Guide on Ergonomics and Design, which they will read for 20 minutes. Main outcome variables: Pain Craniovertebral angle Neck disability

clinical Trial Settings and conduct: Riphah Rehabilitation Centre Lahore Pakistan Participants/Inclusion

Institute Hospital Karachi Pakistan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria

Study aim: To determine the comparative effect of resistance and aerobic training in pre frail to moderately frail patients for improving quality of recovery in post coronary artery bypass grafting surgery patients Design: Non Randomized, quasi experimental design of 46 patients were enrolled. Two arm parallel group with non blinded outcome assessment Settings and conduct: The setting was Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology Faisalabad and the trial was quasi experimental study and factorial design was used. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: The participants were selected on the basis of age 40 -65 years, both male and female were included, patient with double and triple vessel coronary artery disease were also included and patients who were mildly to moderately frail and had a Clinical Frailty Scale of 4-6 before surgery at the hospital setting and the participants were excluded on the basis of patient with unstable or recently unstable cardiac syndrome, prehabilitation is contraindicated in cases where a patient cannot follow study protocols due to cognitive impairment, patients who were severely frail (CSF 7-9) and a lack of consistency in attending prehabilitation treatments. Intervention groups: Intervention group 1: After giving participants the baseline treatment. Group 1 recieved aerobic training including walking for 10-15 minutes and stepping 8-12 repetitions. Intervention group 2: After giving participants the baseline treatment. Group 2 recieved resistance training including shoulder overhead press, biceps curl, hamstrings curl and knee lift 10-15 repetitions. Main outcome variables: Clinical Frailty Scale Quality of recovery WHO Disability Assessment Score 2.0