Study aim: To evaluate the efficacy of dapagliflozin in diabetic and non diabetic patients with acute heart failure Design: Prospective randomized control study Settings and conduct: Pharmacology department of public sector hospital, National University of medical sciences in collaboration with cardiology deprtment of a public sector hospital. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: 1. Male/Female patients 18 years and above 2. Diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure made on admission 3. Left ventricular Ejection fraction ≤ 40% Any two of the following signs and symptoms a) Dyspnea at rest or minimal exertion b) Peripheral edema c) Ascites d) 5-pound weight gain (rapid) e) Signs of congestion on X-ray 4. eGFR ≥ 30ml/min Exclusion Criteria: 1. Cardiogenic shock 2. urgent hospitalization for acute heart failure primarily triggered by pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular accident, or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 3. Current hospitalization for acute heart failure not caused primarily by intravascular volume overload; Type 1 Diabetes mellitus 4. History of Diabetic ketoacidosis 5. History of hepatic impairment 6. Known allergy to SGLT 2 inhibitors 7. women pregnant or breast feeding Intervention groups: Control and study Groups The control group will be prescribed with conventional treatment for acute heart failure the study group will be prescribed with Dapagliflozin as add on therapy to the conventional treatment for Acute heart failure Main outcome variables: 1. Effect of dapagliflozin in causing pulmonary decongestion. 2. Effect of dapagliflozin in improving quality of life assessed by KCCQ 3. Effect of dapagliflozin on eGFR

Study aim: To determine the effectiveness of muscle energy techniques versus manipulation in sacroiliac joint dysfunction in postpartum female Design: A concealed, experimental, blinded, randomized clinical trial with a control group design of 22 patients enrolled between June 2022 and September 2022 and followed for 4 months. Settings and conduct: This trial will be conducted at Physical Therapy & Rehablitation Ward of Chaudhary Akram Teaching Hospital (Teaching Hospital Associated with Azra Naheed Medical College ,The Superior University ,Lahore) Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria Low back pain within six weeks If they had anterior or posterior innominate dysfunctions and their levels of current pain were at least three by visual analog scale (VAS) positive gaenslen test subjects were included in this study age between 20-55 years. Exclusion Criteria The patient having a hip fracture. The subjects had a neurological deficit. Prolapsed intervertebral disc with or without radiculopathy True limb length discrepancy Intervention groups: Group A:The patients of the group were given 10 minutes of the warm-up session using a hot pack. Afterward, they came in for a muscle energy technique (METS) session.This protocol will be given to the patient for 8 weeks (4 times per week) Group B While Patients in group B were also given 10 minutes of the warm-up session using a hot pack. Later, they came in for a manipulation session. Then, at the end of the session, both groups (A&B) received pelvic stability exercises. This protocol will be given to the patient for 8 weeks (4 times per week) Main outcome variables: Pain will be measure visual analog scale and functional ability will be calculated by using Modified Oswestry disability scale

Study aim: To determine the effectiveness of magnetotherapy and lumbar traction on sciatica patients. Design: This is a double-blind, randomized, two phase study. subjects will be randomized to 2 different treatments in a cross-over design. Settings and conduct: Johar medicare complex, lahore Green international University, Lahore Ali Fatima Hospital Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Low back pain of 3 months duration or longer present at least 5 out of 7 days a week Age between 28-80 at the start of the study Men and women of all ethnicities Signs and symptoms of lumbar radiculopathy. Willingness to refrain from making changes in non-study medications taken for sciatica Patients with failed back syndrome. Pain level of at least 4/10 on average on a scale of 0 to 10 for the past month Pain not attributable to malignancy, inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis, or infection by previous examinations or by laboratory testing Patients' agreement to keeping a log of their pain level and documentation of compliance with wearing of back device. Patients' agreement not to make changes in pain medication type of dosing during the study. Women of reproductive age agreeing to undergo a pregnancy test at baseline. Exclusion criteria: Patients with pacemakers Patients with mechanical heart pumps Pregnancy or breast feeding Presence of pain of greater intensity in any other location than the low back or the leg Presence of active cancer History of spinal infection Patients s/p spinal fusion with spinal rods over the lower lumbar spine Intervention groups: group 1: magnetotherapy group 2: magnetotherapy with lumbar traction Main outcome variables: reduction of pain and numbness in low back and leg

Study aim: : To compare the efficacy of topical nepafenac 0.1 % and diclofenac 0.1% eye drops in reducing the aqueous cells in the anterior chamber in an uneventful post cataract surgery. Design: Sample size= 70 patients, Probability sampling by simple randomization (via computer-generated no.), parallel-group, non-blind, clinical practice trial Settings and conduct: The study was conducted an an Eye dept. of Nowshera Medical College Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients’ ≥ 50 yrs. Both males and females with visually significant senile-cataracts under-going phaco-emulsification with intra-ocular lens implantation were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were any past intra-ocular surgery, any history of any intra-ocular inflammatory diseases, traumatic globe injuries, corneal disorders impairing the view, any glaucomatous diseases of eye, pseudo-exfoliation, any retinal/macular abnormalities, such as macular edema due to other etiologies or epi-retinal membranes or any age-related maculopathy. Those not willing to follow the study protocols and requirements of follow up were also excluded. Those who were pre-diabetics and confirmed diabetics, with systemic autoimmune/inflammatory disorders or any history of allergic reaction to the study drugs or other NSAIDs were also expelled. Oral steroids or NSAIDs intake was prohibited for the participants throughout the trial duration. Patients with eventful phaco surgery such as posterior-capsular tear, vitreous-prolapse or post-operative fibrinous reactions were not recruited for the study. Intervention groups: Topical Diclofenac 0.1% (TD) Topical Nepafenac 0.1% (TN) Main outcome variables: BCVA (visual acuity) converted into Log MAR; CMT measured in microns by SD-OCT; Mean AC cells

Study aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carpal bone mobilization and median nerve mobilization in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome patient. Design: randomized clinical trial with parallel randomized control and treatment, single blinded groups, trial on 30 patients. randomization will be done using lottery method. Settings and conduct: In different medical hospital of Faisalabad. consecutively enroll 5-10 eligible patients who meet the eligibility criteria and sign the informed consent by themselves or their guardians. four hospital District Head Quarter Hospital Faisalabad, Medina teaching hospital Faisalabad, Chinot hospital Faisalabad ,Faisal hospital Faisalabad. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria:Included all patients with mild and moderate CTS.Positive phalen’s test and Tinel sign .EXclusion Criteria:Excluded a patient with Any congenital deformity.People with any kind of systematic diseases i.e. Rheumatoid Arthritis. Intervention groups: Patients allocated to group A were given carpal bone mobilization 3 times a week with hot pack and exercises. Furthermore, patients in the group B received median nerve mobilization 3 times a week plus exercises and hot pack. Main outcome variables: Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire(BCTQ) to measure symptom severity and function status of carpal tunnel syndrome patient. visual analogues scale(VAS) to measure pain carpal tunnel syndrome patient

Study aim: To compare the effects of Powerball in addition to routine physical therapy on pain, range of motion and functional disability in patients with scapular dyskinesis Design: Randomized Controlled Trial; single-blinded; on 44 samples; parallel groups; randomized by computer-generated method and further concealed envelop method used for allocation in the group. In the envelope, 1 will be code for the control group and 2 will be code for the experimental group. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted at the Physiotherapy department THQ Khushab. The study will be single-blinded. The assessor will unaware of the treatment given to either group. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age of 25- 50 years. Both gender Pre-Diagnosed cases of scapular dyskinesis A score of greater than or equal to 4/10 on Numeric Rating Pain Scale (NRPS) All types of scapular dyskinesis Exclusion Criteria: Previous cervical spine or shoulder surgery Presence of a severe systemic disease (as Systemic lupus erythematous, Sickle cell disease) Participation in an exercise program for the scapular or shoulder muscles in the 6 months preceding the study Severe osteoporosis Whiplash injury/fracture Intervention groups: Group B: (Experimental Group) Group B will receive Powerball intervention along with same conventional physical therapy as given in group A. 3 sessions will be given on alternate days each week, for next 4 weeks. 5-10 minutes Powerball intervention will be given in each session. The overall treatment session for this group lasts for 35-40 minutes. Main outcome variables: pain, range of motion and functional disability

Study aim: To compare the effects of Post Isometric Relaxation Technique on Pain, Range of Motion and Quality Of Life in Patients with Gastrocnemius Trigger Points Design: Randomized Controlled Trial; single-blinded; on 40 samples; parallel groups; randomized by computer-generated method and further concealed envelop method used for allocation in the group. In the envelope, 1 will be code for the control group and 2 will be code for the experimental group. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted at the Department of Physical Therapy DHQ Hospital Layyah. The study will be single-blinded. The assessor will unaware of the treatment given to either group. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age is between 25-55 years. Both gender 49 Long standing workers (at least 3-5 hours of standing work including 5- min seated rest breaks and a 30-min lunch break) Pre-diagnosed patients of calf pain NPRS scoring ≤ 4 The presence of at least one trigger point in unilateral gastrocnemius muscles. Jump sign positive. Exclusion Criteria: Analgesic intake in the past 48 hours Individuals who are already involved in any exercise program for lower extremity Had a previous history of lateral malleolar, bi malleolar or calcaneal fracture that would affect their gait pattern or strength of the gastrocnemius Current pregnancy Intervention groups: Experimental Physical Therapy Group (B): Group B will be given Post isometric Relaxation along with routine physical therapy including hot packs, range of motion exercises, static stretching, and strengthening exercises of the gastrocnemius muscle. This will be given up to three sessions per week. Post Isometric Relaxation, Static Stretching, and strengthening exercises will be provided in three repetitions per session. Each treatment session will have 40-45 minutes duration. Main outcome variables: pain, range of motion, and Quality of Life

Study aim: To compare the effectiveness of modified constraint-induced movement therapy with trunk restraint with bobath concept to improve upper extremity motor function and activities of daily livings in subacute stroke patients Design: Randomized Controlled Trial Settings and conduct: University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: • Patient with an episode of the first stroke between 2 to 12th week of the subacute stage. • Both genders, age lies 40-70 years. • Patient is able to perform a functional test of 20° wrist extension and 10° finger extension. • Patient had active range of motion of 45° or more of shoulder flexion, abduction, or scaption and had the capacity to sustain standing balance for 2 min • Patient had Mini-Mental State Exam score of greater than or equal to 7. Individuals will be excluded if they • s. Intervention groups: Group-A: Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy with trunk restraint. The training was provided at the rehabilitation clinic during a 1-hour therapy session, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks (a total of 20 sessions). The training was based on repetitive and task-specific practice. Group-B: Bobath approach. This approach usually takes one hour per day during 20 sessions. The interventions will group into 5 major items: facilitated movement; mobilization; practicing an activity component; and/or whole task and teaching patients. Main outcome variables: Motor Assessment Scale and Barthel Index

Study aim: This research aims to effects of hold relax and spencer muscle energy technique in patients with adhesive capsulitis Design: Two arm parallel group randomised trial with participant blinded. Randomisation was centralised and computerised with concealed randomisation sequence carried out at an external site Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted in Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Outcome assessor will be blind as the outcome assessor will be the therapist from the concerned hospital and researcher and outcome assessor will be a different person Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • age 30 above • both gender included • pain in the shoulder for at least 3 month • subjects were clinically diagnosed with grade 2 adhesive capsulitis.. Exclusion Criteria: • History of surgery on specified shoulder. • History of any other pathological condition involving the shoulder. Intervention groups: Both groups will receive baseline treatment protocol Movement with Mobilization in 3 sets and 15 repetitions each set and Ultrasonic Therapy for 10 minutes at 1.5 w/cm intensity and continuous mode. Group A will be given Spenser Muscle Energy Technique for 3 sets and 10 repetitions each set. Group B will be given Hold Relax Technique for 3 sets and 10 repetitions each set. Main outcome variables: Pain, Range of Motion in External Rotation, Range of Motion in Abduction, Range of Motion in Internal Rotation, Functional Disability,

Study aim: To evaluate the effects of the Active Release Technique and Positional Release Technique in female students with tightened calf muscles. Design: Randomized controlled trial design . Settings and conduct: The University of Faisalabad Government College University Faisalabad. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria • Age 20-30 years • Reduced ROM (ankle dorsiflexion) • Height of heel: 2” and above • Through flat palpation, one hypersensitive sore nodule within a perceptible tense band in the leg muscle Exclusion criteria • Lower limb musculoskeletal injury or surgery • Acute Cardio-Respiratory or Neurological disease • Medical or surgical complications • Fibromyalgia syndrome • Congenital deformity of the foot and ankle • Lower limb fracture • Diabetic neuropathy • Peripheral vascular disease Intervention groups: Subjects were divided into two groups by convenient sampling technique using the lottery method. Pre-treatment readings were taken from each subject for pain using NPRS, ROM (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion), and respectively. Treatment was given for a total of four weeks. 3 times each week for both groups. Ultrasound was used as the baseline treatment for both groups. Both groups received conventional Physiotherapy treatment which included stretching of both gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Treatment Group A performed Active Release Therapy and Group B performed Positional Release Therapy Main outcome variables: Primary Outcome Measure: • Numerical pain rating scale Secondary Outcome Measure • Cadence • Dorsiflexion • Plantarflexion

Study aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) on reducing feelings of shame/guilt, improving self-esteem, and decreasing suicidal ideation among women who are victims of violence. Design: Experimental Design (pre- and post test) Settings and conduct: Shelter home ,NGOs Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: The terms inclusion and exclusion criteria relate to the makings that research participants must have to be considered for Participation and those that would rule them out. Women who meet the following criteria would be eligible to participate in research examining the effects of cognitive behavior therapy on shame/guilt, self-esteem, and suicidal thoughts among survivors of domestic abuse. Women, Participation in therapy, being over 18, having endured physical, sexual, or emotional abuse at some point of shame/guilt, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation. While exclusion criteria refer to the characteristics that would disqualify someone from participating in the study, male and children, Intervention groups: Experimental Group Main outcome variables: Shame, guilt, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation

Study aim: To compare different Virtual reality based exercises with routine physiotherapy in patients with chronic low back pain Design: A concealed, single blinded randomised controlled trial will be conducted on 100 patients,single centered study Settings and conduct: University of lahore teaching hospital,Pain Center, single blinded study (patient will be blinded to the recruited group) Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Both male and female patients, age between 25-80 years, Clinically diagnosed with Chronic Low back pain and willing to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: Any fracture or dislocation of lumber spine, Any history of surgery on lumber spine, hip or pelvis, Spinal tumors or infections in the intervertebral disc, Inflammatory diseases such as rheumatism, Spinal deformity such as scoliosis, spondylolysthesis.Patients taking medications e.g Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) for pain,Pregnant females,Virtual reality Phobia Intervention groups: Patients will be randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The control group will receive routine physical therapy while the experimental groups will receive Virtual reality based exercises alongwith the routine physical therapy Main outcome variables: Pain, Functional Disability , fear avoidance belief and Range of Motion

Study aim: To evaluate the immediate effects of Mulligan's Bent leg raise and active release technique on tightness of hamstring in asymptomatic individuals for range of motion and flexibility Design: A concealed ,randomized, double blinded clinical trial of 26 participants enrolled in April 2023 Settings and conduct: Setting of the study is MADINA TEACHING HOSPITAL, FAISALABAD The study population is 26 individuals. Double blinding is used for participant selection with sealed envelopes for choosing the intervention groups by lottery method and the data analyzer is also blinded. Participants in a randomized clinical trial can be blinded by not knowing which treatment group they are assigned to. The data analyzer can be blinded by not knowing which treatment group each participant belongs to. This helps reduce bias in analyzing the results. Participants of the study are asymptomatic individuals Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Straight leg raise range of motion less than 75°; both male and female participants; Between age 18 to 30 years; Who are willing to participate; Tightness of hamstring measured by Active knee extension test; Normal healthy subjects. Exclusion criteria: Recent Trauma; Spinal Surgery; Fractures; Osteoporosis; low back pain; Orthopedic disease effecting lower limb (meniscal injury, femoral fracture etc.) Intervention groups: The Intervention group 1 received Mulligan 's bent leg raise technique. Intervention group 2 received Active Release Technique Main outcome variables: Straight Leg Raise range of motion Active Knee Extension Test Sit and Reach Flexibility Test

Study aim: To compare the efficacy of oral terbinafine alone and oral terbinafine and fluconazole in treating dermatophytes among children under 18 years. Design: Randomized controlled trail of 200 patients, single centered study Settings and conduct: Study would be conducted in Dermatology department, PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: (a) clinical diagnosis of tinea corporis, tinea cruris or tinea faciei, Tinea pedis, tinea capitis (b) microscopic confirmation (potassium hydroxide [KOH] microscopy), (c) age birth to 18 years and (d) no treatment with terbinafine or fluconazole in last one month. Exclusion criteria (a) presence of any other type(s) of tinea, e.g., onychomycosis, b) inability to come for follow-up, c) history of adverse reaction to terbinafine and/or fluconazole, D) history of renal, liver or cardiac disease Intervention groups: Patients would be divided into 2 groups by lottery method based on treatment regimens as follows: 1. Group A: Terbinafine orally at following doses: 62.5 mg/day for <10 kg body weight, 125 mg/day for 10-20 kg body weight, and 250 mg/day for >20kg body weight. 2. Group B: Terbinafine orally at following doses: 62.5 mg/day for <20 kg body weight, 125 mg/day for 20–40 kg body weight, and 250 mg/day for >40 kg body weight. And fluconazole orally at 6mg/kg/every alternate day Main outcome variables: Outcome measures and statistical analysis: Patients were labeled as the following at both fourth and eighth weeks. Complete response: Cured (complete clinical resolution of all lesions) Partial response: Partially cured (more than 50% improvement in the total BSA) and No response: Increase in severity of the lesions or no improvement in the lesions after 4 weeks of starting antifungal agents RELAPSE: Reappearance of lesions once they have been cured on follow up visit,

Study aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Plyometric Exercises on Improving Cardiorespiratory Endurance , Muscle Strength and Quality of life in Undergraduate Students Design: Quasi-Experimental Study Settings and conduct: Setting: Data will be collected from the Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences, Multan. Conduct: The eligible candidates for this study will be selected from Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences in multan city and will be enrolled in the trail. There will be no rendomization or blinding as it is a single group study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria:Adults 18-30 years of age, Gender (Male and Female), People with low or moderate physical activity (international Physical Activity Questionnaire), People having BMI ranging between 19-23 or over (South-Asian BMI Scale) Exclusion Criteria: any recent fractures, People with loss of hearing, sight and other senses, Hemodynamically unstable patients, People having undergone surgery within last 6 weeks, People with any physical disability Intervention groups: Only one group is included in this study. The exercise regime was distributed over 6 weeks period (24 sessions) once a day and 4 times a week. The exercises used in this study are box jumps, reverse lounge knee-ups, pop squats, skater hops, pushups and sprints. Each exercise will be done for 5 minutes. We will be using Shuttle run test, manual muscle testing, murcury manometer, manual techniques for respiration rate measurement and pulse oximeter to measure muscle strength, Cardio-pulmonary fitness, blood pressure, pulse rate and Respiration rate. Main outcome variables: Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory parameters and quality of life

Study aim: To Compare the effects of Mobilization with movement and oscillatory mobilization on pain, range of motion and disability among patients with De Quervain's tendinopathy Design: The design of this study is Randomized, parallel Clinical Trial. Randomization is done by lottery method. In this method, the researcher gives each participant of the trial a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to allocate participants in two groups Settings and conduct: The eligible participants for physiotherapy referring to the Arif Memorial Hospital in Lahore city during the study period will be enrolled in the trial and will be randomly assigned to the intervention groups through the randomization. This trial will be single-blinded so that outcome accessor will not be aware of the allocation of participants. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: inclusion criteria: The participants with Age 20 to 45 , who experienced pain at the wrist, over the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons were considered positive for tenosynovitis are included and they should have positive Finkelstein test as it is used to define De Quervain. Exclusion Criteria: The participant with Radial-side wrist pain due to carpometacarpal arthritis and Fracture of the wrist, wrist operation and whose hand is immobilized are excluded. Intervention groups: Intervention Group A: Baseline treatment of ultrasound in continuous mode with frequency of 3 MHz and intensity of 0.1 to 1.5 W/cm2 and then Manual therapy (mobilization with movement) will be performed 3 sessions per week for 2 weeks. Intervention Group B: Baseline treatment of ultrasound as group A and then Manual therapy (oscillatory Mobilization) will be performed 3 sessions per week for 2 weeks. Main outcome variables: Pain, Range of motion, Disability

Study aim: This study aims to improve the motor skills and the executive functions like thinking reasoning , problem solving and memory of the older individuals using a specific form of exercises. tai chi exercises enhance self awareness and at the same time relaxes body and helps to gain a good balance , stability and aligned posture.it also shows potential to improve the cognitive functioning Design: Randomized control trial, community based, single blind, allocated randomly through sealed envelope method into 2 groups. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted in the Al-Najat old home. • Participants will be included in the study after taking full informed consent. • Participants will be screened thoroughly for any exclusion, before getting enrolled. • Participants will be determined by the Single Leg Stance test to include in the study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: 1) males and females of age 60 years and above. 2) individuals with Single leg stance score less than 20 seconds. Exclusion criteria: 1) color blind individuals. 2) visually impaired individuals. 3) bed bound individuals. Intervention groups: The intervention group will be performing different tai chi moves for 6 consecutive weeks for a number of 5 days in a week, in which there will be a 10 min warm up session, 40 mins exercise session and 10 mins of cool down session. Main outcome variables: Executive function and motor skills

Study aim: To evaluate effects of preoperative aerobic training for improving postoperative functional mobility in coronary artery bypass graft patients. Design: Non Blinded non randomized Quasi experimental design. Settings and conduct: Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology Faisalabad. After complete evaluation, informed consent will be taken from patients who include in the study. Sample size of 38 patients will be allocated in two groups with one receive aerobic training and other group will receive conventional treatment. the outcomes measure will be evaluating at baseline, 3rd week preoperative and postoperative before discharge. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria:40-60 years of age. patients with double and triple Coronary artery bypass graft. patients with left ventricular ejection fraction > 50%. Exclusion criteria: patients with congestive heart failure. patients with pacemaker dependents. patients with neurological deficit. Intervention groups: Treatment will be provided for 4 days in a week for 3 weeks for both groups. Group 1 will perform the Aerobic exercises.Group 2 will perform the breathing exercises. Main outcome variables: Time Up and Go Test, Canadian Cardiovascular Society Grading, Duration of Oxygen Therapy

Study aim: 1. To evaluate the impact of Pilates exercises on pain on people who have non-specific low back pain 2. To evaluate the effect of Pilates exercises on lumbar ROM in individuals with non-specific low back pain Design: Randomized clinical trial with blinded outcome assessment. 30 male and female participants were randomly allocated into control and experimental groups. Settings and conduct: Study settings were OPDs of Madinah teaching hospital and Allied hospital Faisalabad. The trial was blinded by both the researcher and the participants as someone else has allocated the participants in both groups. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria was to have individuals with chronic low back pain aging between 30-50 years. Exclusion criteria was pregnancy, any spinal pathology. Intervention groups: Intervention group received hotpack as the baseline treatment then the participants had performed a set of Pilates exercise program which included 8 different exercises that basically targeted the core and lower back muscles while incorporating both mind and body. Main outcome variables: Numeric pain rating scale and Modified Schober test were the main outcome measures. NPRS was to assess the pain and Modified Schober Test was used to assess the lumbar range of motion.

Study aim: to determine the effects of multi segmental exercise intervention on postural dysfunction among geriatric population. to determine the effects of multi segmental exercise intervention on balance among geriatric population. Design: . The exercise program will be divided into six sections: • Postural awareness • Stretching exercises • Mobility exercises • Strength exercises • Balance & coordination exercises • Endurance training The above-mentioned exercise program consists of: • 10-minute warm up period. • 35-minut exercise period. • 10- minute relaxation (cool down) period. Settings and conduct: University institute of physical therapy university of Lahore, Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Both male & female. • Age 65-75 years. • Participants who can able to move independently. • Participants who can able to climb one flight of stairs independently. • Participants who have thoracic kyphosis of 50 degree or greater. Exclusion criteria: • Patient who could not maintain balance when standing unassisted • Patient with diagnosed neurological or vestibular disorders. • Patient with serious medical conditions that will limit participation in exercise program i.e. (chest pain, myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery within 6 months) • Patient with uncontrolled hypertension. • Patient with previous 12 months history of hip fracture or total hip replacement. Intervention groups: Group-A (Control group): This group will receive no exercise program but postural education will be given to this group via video. Group B (Experimental group): The patients in this group will receive exercise program of 1 hour. The exercise program will consist of warm up period, an exercise session, & cool down period twice weekly for 24 weeks. Main outcome variables: • Posture control • Balance (static & dynamic balance

Study aim: To assess the efficacy of topical azithromycin drops versus oral doxycycline therapy in meibomian gland dysfuntion (MGD). Design: Prospective, randomized, interventional, parallel group design with 60 patients, non-blinded to therapy, single center, clinical trial Settings and conduct: The study patients were recruited from an EYE OPD between December 2019 to June 2020, at Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera. The groups were divided into two i.e. Topical Azithromycin 1% and Oral Doxycycline 100mg, groups were not blinded to therapy so as the examiners. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria All the patients within the specified age group with posterior blepharitis secondary to meibomian gland dysfunction Patients with meibomian gland dysfunction, non responsive to conventional therapy such as lid massage, warm compresses and lid scrubbing Exclusion criteria En Patients with blepharitis other than posterior one Patients with other inflammatory lid conditions like atopic blepharoconjunctivitis Patients with traumatic eyelid injuries Patients with neoplastic lid disorders Pregnant, conceiving and lactating females history of any allergy to the study drugs Patients treated with oral or topical medications other than study drugs for posterior blepharitis within 3 months period Intervention groups: 1) Topical Azithromycin 1% twice daily for 1 week followed by once daily for 3 weeks 2) Oral Doxycycline 100 mg once daily for 4 weeks Main outcome variables: 1) Mean improvement in different symptoms score 2) Mean improvement in Schirmer 1 test 3) Mean improvement in Conjunctival hyperaemia 4) Mean improvement in Corneal staining score

Study aim: To study the effects of fitness training program and comprehensive muscle endurance training along with fitness training program on muscle strength, endurance and quality of life in post COVID-19 patients Design: Patients will be recruited in the study through a convenient sampling technique and then will be randomly assigned to each group according to consort guideline 2010. Participants are 40 persons. Written informed consent will be taken. After enrollment into the study, patients will be allocated either to group A or Group B by lottery method. No. of Chits will be equal to the total sample size, odd Numbers will be allocated to Group A and even numbers will be allocated to Group B. No blinding. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted at Fatima Memorial Hospital, LHR. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Aged18 to 40 years; both genders; Post Covid-19 patients; Hemodynamically stable; Non-diabetic patients; Non- Hospitalized Patients. Exclusion criteria: Neuromuscular disease; Unstable cardiovascular disease; Musculoskeletal disease; Pregnancy; Rib Fracture; Risk of Pneumothorax; Pneumonectomy; Red Flags Like: Fever, Night Sweats, Malaise; Pulmonary embolism; Lung cancer. Intervention groups: Group B: will be treated with supervised combined strength-endurance training (CT). Exercises consisted of 30 minutes of cycling, treadmill walking, or using an upper limb ergometer. Group A: will be treated according to physical activity education program approach (EDU), based on a periodically supervised protocol of different exercise. The EDU program was scheduled as follows: Each supervised training session lasted 60 min and included 3 alternating types of physical activity: aerobics classes with flexibility and balance training. Main outcome variables: Strength, endurance, and quality of life in post covid patients

Study aim: To explore single nucleotide polymorphisms of transporter target genes of rosuvastatin SLCO1B3 and ABCG2 Design: One arm/group quasi-experimental clinical trial, non-randomized, non-blinded design of 384 patients enrolled between December 2022 to December 2023. Settings and conduct: Pharmacology Department of Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences. Rawalpindi. Tertiary Care Hospital, Islamabad. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: LDL-c > 130 mg/dL Intervention groups: Patients will receive rosuvastatin once a day for 12 weeks. So intervention will be done with rosuvastatin administration . Blood sampling for biochemical analysis will be done at day 0 and after 12 weeks of intervention with rosuvastatin. Genotyping will be done by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (AS-PCR) and plasma rosuvastatin levels will be determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after follow up period of 12 weeks Main outcome variables: i.Polymorphic alleles of rosuvastatin transporter genes SLCOIB3 & ABCG2 ii Plasma rosuvastatin levels iii. Lipid Profile iv. Creatine Phospho Kinase v. Liver &Renal Function Tests vi. C-Reactive Protein

Study aim: To compare the effects of myofascial release technique on pain and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial; single-blinded; on 110 samples; parallel groups; randomized by computer-generated method and further concealed envelop method used for allocation in the group. In the envelope, 1 will be code for the control group and 2 will be code for the experimental group. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted at the department of Physiotherapy, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. The study will be single-blinded. The assessor will unaware of the treatment given to either group. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Both gender. Age between 20-40 years. Diagnosis of fibromyalgia according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. History of wide spread chronic pain for more than 3 months. Patient must exhibit more than 11 of 18 tender point. Exclusion Criteria: The cognitive deficit that does not allow the understanding of the evaluation instruments. The physical activity started or changed in the last three months. Intervention groups: Intervention group: Myofascial mobilization with routine physical therapy in the intervention group. The participants executed a 12-week supervised strengthening exercise program of 40-minute sessions performed twice a week, with progressive overload. In the first two sessions, no load was used. Subsequently, 0.5kg was added each week if the patient identified the effort as slightly intense on the Borg scale (score = 13)22. Control group: Routine physical therapy. Main outcome variables: Pain; Quality of life

Study aim: To study the comparative effects of active release technique and nerve mobilization technique on the pain, range of motion and disability in carpel tunnel syndrome patient among pregnant women Design: Study design will be randomized clinical trial. Settings and conduct: The study will be held at Arif memorial hospital, Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Pregnant females with age between 20-40 years and having numbness in hands will included in the study. while non pregnant diabetic patients or patients suffering from hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and sarcoidesis will exclude from our research. Intervention groups: Participants will be divided in two treatment groups. Both groups will be assessed before (pre) and after (post) the treatment. Group A patients will be treated with the active release technique and conventional physical therapy treatment. Group b patient will be treated with nerve mobilization technique and conventional physical therapy treatment. Main outcome variables: Boston questionnaire will used to assess the symptom severity and functional status in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. NPRS will be used to assess pain severity. Goniometer will be used for wrist range of motion.