Study aim: To check the dry needling effect to release the muscular trigger point treatment Design: One-Group Posttest Only Design of Quasi Experimental study. Settings and conduct: A total of 30 patient’s age between 20-45 years visiting the physical therapy department of Hospitals and Clinics of Rawalpindi and Islamabad Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Male with age between 20 to 45 years. Subjects having Anterior knee pain. Subjects with myofasical trigger points in quadriceps muscle. Exclusion: Patients taking anticoagulant medications Patients with meniscal tears, patellar tendinopathy, Ligamentous Injury. Patients with knee osteoarthritis. Patients with lumbosacral nerve root or peripheral nerve involvement. Patients having a history of prior knee surgery. Patients who had received acupuncture, Dry needling or Injection for knee pain during the past 6 Months Intervention groups: After taking informed consent from patient and wearing gloves and appropriate personal protective measures, a thin filiform needle will be inserted which will penetrate into the skin and stimulate underlying myofascial trigger points. Main outcome variables: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of trigger point dry needling of quadriceps muscle in reducing anterior knee pain Furthermore to determine the effects of dry needling in increasing range of motion of quadriceps muscle

Study aim: In this study, we aim to measure the efficacy oral voriconazole versus oral itraconazole in the treatment of dermatophyte infections. Design: A randomized clinical trial with two parallel intervention groups; double-blind; phase 3; on 76 patients. Settings and conduct: Dermatology department, PNS Shifa hospital, Karachi Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: chronic and recurrent dermatophyte infections. Exclusion criteria: age less than 15 and greater than 90 years, hyperlipidemia, abnormal renal and liver function tests, tinea capitis and unguum, pregnant and breastfeeding women. Intervention groups: In Group A the patients were treated with oral voriconazole 200mg twice daily In group B the patients were treated with oral itraconazole 100mg twice daily Treatment given for four weeks or less in patients in which complete response is achieved. Main outcome variables: Treatment of dermatophyte infections based on clinical response and microscopic findings using KOH solution

Study aim: The aim of the study is: To find the effects of Stabilization exercises with or without mobilization on pain, range of motion and quality of life among patients with frozen shoulder. Design: Randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: Arif Memorial Teaching Hospital Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patients diagnosed with frozen shoulder and stiff frozen shoulder Symptom duration >3months Patients with shoulder pain and restriction in ROM Exclusion criteria: Shoulder stiffness due to severe trauma, post fracture, immobilization and surgical release of capsules History of cortisone injection in effected area in previous 6 weeks Patients with joint infection Intervention groups: Group (A): stabilization exercise without mobilization Group (B): stabilization with mobilization Main outcome variables: pain range of motion quality of life

Study aim: To evaluate the efficacy of audiovisual aid in reducing the level of dental anxiety in patients undergoing tooth extraction Design: A randomized trial will be conducted where 162 patients will be randomly divided into two equal groups of 81 each, with help of random sequence generated using online tool. Settings and conduct: University dental hospital, The university of Lahore. The person collecting the data will be blinded to the intervention given to the individuals. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Simple extraction procedure American society of anesthesiologist physical status class 1 & 2 Patient able to comprehend and follow the instructions Exclusion: Surgical extractions More than two extractions to be performed Grade 2 or 3 mobility of the tooth Patients who do not understand Urdu Patients who did not give consent Intervention groups: 1. Verbal instructions 2. Audiovisual aid Main outcome variables: Dental anxiety

Study aim: To determine the effectiveness of Bent Leg Raise approach on Hamstring Flexibility in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. Design: Single Blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Settings and conduct: Chaudary Muhammad Akram Research Teaching Hospital (CMARTH) Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: The Subjects in ae 40-65 years gender male and female with Osteoarthritis of Grade II and III following Lawrence Kellgren Criteria of Knee OA Radiological classification , with limitation in their Hamstring Range of Motion less than 100-20 Degrees will be included . While Subjects with knee pain, recent injury, trauma in last year and other diagnosed disease like Rheumatoid Arthritis and Patellofemoral syndrome etc. will be excluded Intervention groups: Group -A In group A Bent Leg Raise with three repetitions as per rule of Brain Mulligan joint Mobilization with Movement concept (MWM) will be given to subjects. Main outcome variables: Range of Motion , Active Knee Extension Test and KOOS knee Survey

Study aim: To investigate the impact of lifestyle components on cardiorespiratory fitness heart rate and Rating of perceive exertion by performing 6 weeks of moderate intensity exercise in estimating change in VO2 max by performing Harvard bench step test after 6 weeks of exercise program. Design: STUDY DESIGN: Quasi-Experimental study DURATION OF STUDY: 6 months SAMPLE SIZE: =34 Settings and conduct: SETTING: University of Sialkot students. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • university students • Age between 18-35 years Exclusion criteria • Above the age of 35 • Participant who failed to complete life style questionnaire • Participants failed to complete the fitness test • Participant who have congenital heart disease, hypertension, type I diabetes and known kidney disease will be excluded from the study. • Participants with known past surgical history’ Intervention groups: 1. Information pertaining to individual demographics and lifestyle components will be collected through pre exercise questionnaire. 2. After completing the questionnaire Harvard bench step cardiorespiratory fitness test will be performed. In this test Participants step up and down, on and off an aerobics type step for THREE minutes to increase heart rate and Oxygen consumption 3. After performing test HR, RPE and VO2 max will be calculated. 4. Consequently participants will be instructed to participate in moderate intensity exercise for 6 weeks. 6 weeks later participants again perform bench step and calculate the HR, RPE and VO2 max. Main outcome variables: To see the effects of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise on Heart rate , cardiorespiratory fitness and rating of perceive exertion in students.

Study aim: The aim of this study is to determine effectiveness of diaphragmatic stretching for improving pulmonary function, exercise tolerance and quality of life in Covid 19 survivors Design: Quasi experimental study design Settings and conduct: Subjects are single blinded Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: COVID-19 survivors (i.e., diagnosed with COVID-19, have had respiratory illness and discharged from the hospital 6 weeks ago) Aged 35 years or above Gender (Male and Female) No medical diagnosis of psychiatric illness Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study Ability of participant to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document. Hemoglobin of 9.0 gm/dl or higher COVID-19 Survivor Group documented prior COVID-19 as evidenced by: At least 6 weeks ago since onset of COVID-19 symptoms and no fever for at least 1 week. Participants were excluded if they exhibited. Any person who experienced any back pain or who had experienced any type of illness in the past week were excluded from the study.(35) History of any of the following in the past 14 days: fever > 38.2 degrees Celsius; new or worsening respiratory symptoms (e.g. cough, dyspnea). Subjects were also excluded if they had received any manual therapy within the previous month.(35) Pregnancy Refusal to give consent Intervention groups: Single group Main outcome variables: Spirometry 6MWT Borg Scale SF8 questionnaire

Study aim: The aim of this study will be to compare the energy expenditure during physical activity of the patients of myocardial infarction –IV having home based and supervised cardiac rehabilitation. Design: Rendomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: Younas Hospital Daska Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patients with age range greater then 18. Both males and females. Patients clinically diagnosed with MI. Patient who will give consent to abide by treatment . Exclusion criteria: Pregnant females Unstble angina. Any respiratory disease. History of rib fracture. Intervention groups: Group 1: patients will be treated with supervised cardiac rehabilitation program. Group 2: patients will be treated with home based exercise program. Main outcome variables: effect of home based and clinical exercise on physical activity of MI IV patients.

Study aim: To compare the effects of Jacobson’s and Laura Mitchell’s technique to improve the quality of life and sleep in COPD patients. Design: Two parallel group , single blinded, randomized clinical trial with post treatment evaluation. Settings and conduct: Gulab Devi Chest Hospital Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria 1.Age between 20-45 years 2.COPD of 6 months or longer 3.Patients with stage 3 or 4 (According to GOLD system) 4.Patients having cognitive ability. Exclusion criteria 1.Acute asthmatic attack 2.Repeated cough 3.Active hemoptysis 4.Cardiac instability Intervention groups: Laura Mitchell Relaxation Technique Jacobson’s Progressive Relaxation Technique Main outcome variables: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

Study aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of mulligan stretch with traction technique and muscle energy technique to increase hip flexion range of motion in athletes with hamstring tightness Design: Randomized, Parallel Group, Single Blinded Settings and conduct: The data was collected from Athletes in Shapes Executive Gym, Gulberg Lahore. Subject/patient were blinded throughout the study about assessment and inclusion in group Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age 18-30 yrs., Both male and female, negative Spring test, Asymptomatic, SLR < 80 Exclusion Criteria Symptoms of lower back pain, Lumbar Straightening, SI Joint Dysfunction, History of hamstring injury, Current musculoskeletal pain in hip region, Any other comorbidity limiting joint Range of motion Intervention groups: DESCRIPTION • Baseline measurements for both groups was done prior to start any intervention. • Intervention was performed for 4 weeks and 2 days within a week. • Midline measurements for both the groups was taken after 2 weeks of intervention. • Final measurement for both the groups was taken after 4 weeks of intervention. o Group A: Conventional hot pad for 10 mins daily and static self-stretching for hamstring flexibility as a home plan is guided to athlete. Muscle energy technique (METs) will be applied by using post isometric relaxation technique. o Group B: Conventional hot pad for 10 mins daily and static self-stretching for hamstring flexibility as a home plan is guided to athlete. Mulligan Stretch with traction Technique was applied Main outcome variables: Hip Flexion ROM, SLR

Study aim: The purpose of our study was figuring effects of regular isometric exercises and core muscles strengthening (core stability) of patients suffering from chronic Low back paiN. Design: experimental design. Settings and conduct: it was conducted at Al-Khumeini trust hospital, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria was both females and males, 18yr – 50yr of age, patients with LBP minimum from last 6 months. Exclusion criteria was any patients gone through lumbar spine surgery , Spondylolisthesis , general disease/ TB of spine and spinal trauma. Intervention groups: Two classification (A&B) in the research programme. (A) received routine physical therapy whereas (B) was received routine physical therapy combined with core stability exercises. All patients followed the routine therapy programme for CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN patients were provided by a rehabilitation centre for 8 week period this programme consisted of 1 hour of treatment a day 3 times a week for 8 weeks (24 sessions). Along with that, each patient in experimental group performed core stability exercises for 15 minutes every day. Main outcome variables: Pain on NPRS Functional Mobility on ODI

Study aim: • To determine and compare the effectiveness of post facilitation stretch technique with myofascial release in the management of pain and range of motion in piriformis syndrome. • To improve the quality of life of individuals suffering from Piriformis Syndrome. Design: Community based, Parallel group, Single blind, Randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Setting was Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi. Single blind study Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Only Male Patients with Piriformis Tightness and pain along the distribution of Sciatic nerve Age between 20-60 Exclusion Criteria: Acute traumatic cases Patient with disc Herniation Spinal stenosis Lumbar muscle strain Back Pain Intervention groups: Group A was treated with muscle energy technique (MET), Post facilitation stretch technique, 1 set of 5 repetition/ session, 3 sessions per week on alternate days & conventional physical therapy for six weeks. Group B was treated with Myofascial release technique included 3 set of repetitions per session, 3 sessions per week on alternate days plus conventional Physical therapy. Treated for the period of six weeks. Initially sweep is given to gain analgesic effects. Generally it is applied for appropriate time to achieve desired effects. The position for Myofascial release technique was prone lying and side lying. Main outcome variables: Pain -Numeric pain rating scale Functional Capacity at lower limb - Lower Extremity Functional Scale

Study aim: To determine the efficacy of SMS as a tool for health education in families of children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Design: Single blind randomized control trial Settings and conduct: Tertiary care hospitals in Rawalpindi Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: age 1 to 18 yrs; using subcutaneous insulin; ability to read and understand urdu by the patient or the care giver; possession and regular usage of a mobile phone by the patient or the care giver. Exclusion criteria: using oral hypoglycemic drugs concomitantly; advanced diabetic complication and end organ involvement; syndromic causes of diabetes; unwilling to participate in the study. Intervention groups: SMS containing educative material regarding T1DM and its management sent to the interventional group 4 days a week. Main outcome variables: HbA1c and BSF

Study aim: To compare the effect of trigger point Dry needling and Thera Press tool in treating myofascial neck pain, range of motion and pain pressure threshold. Design: two groups,single blinded randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Revive Spine & Pain Relief PT Clinic Max Rehab Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: inclusion: 1. Age 27 to 50 years 2. Both gender (Male &Females) 3. Male and females having neck pain . 4. Patients having trigger points (Active/latent) diagnosed by Simons and travell criteria exclusion: 1. Any surgical and traumatic condition. 2. Any neurological symptom and sign (partial or complete loss of sensation, seizures, poor cognitive ability). 3. Cervical radiculopathy (inflamed/damaged nerve root due to bone spur or cervical herniated disc). 4. Any systemic disease (rheumatoid arthritis, tumors, infections). Intervention groups: intervention group A dry needling technique intervention group B manual pressure technique with thera press tool Main outcome variables: Pain,Function, Range of Motion,Pain Pressure Threshold

Study aim: To determine effects of routine physical therapy with and without kinesiology tapping on postural control in spastic diaplegic cerebral palsy in children Design: Single blinded, parallel groups, Randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Setting was University of Lahore teaching hospital, Lahore. Study was single blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria • Diagnosed Spastic diplegic Cerebral Palsy in children • Both male and female • Age ranges from 2 to 8 years. • Classified in GMFCS LEVEL I-II • Spastic diplegic CP with kyphosis and sitting problem. • The muscle tone of lower limbs ranged according to the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) for grade 1 to +1. Exclusion Criteria • Hip dislocation, Kyphosis, Severe spasticity • Previous history of spinal or hip surgery • Botulinum toxin injection in the past 6 month • Previous history of hypersensitivity reaction to KT Intervention groups: Group A received KT in addition to routine physical therapy Group B received only physical therapy. Main outcome variables: Main variables were postural control in standing and sitting

Study aim: To determine the effect of graston instrument soft tissue mobilization in patients with sciatic nerve entrapment. Design: Randomized Clinical Trial Settings and conduct: Fatima Memorial Hospital Shadman Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria 1. Onset of radicular low back pain of less than 12 weeks. 2. Pain upon active SLR in 30-70̊. Sensitivity: 0.67 (11) Specificity: 0.26 (12) 3. Age group in range of 30-60 years. 4. Male only. 5. Sciatic nerve entrapment diagnosed on MRI Exclusion Criteria 1. Spinal Fracture. 2. Spinal tumor or any malignancy. 3. Psychiatric Disorder. 4. History of Osteoporosis. 5. Rheumatologic disorders. 6. Pain beyond 70̊ or below 30̊ on active SLR. 7. Positive compression and distraction test of SI joint. 8. Positive gaenslen’s test. 9. Any red flags. Intervention groups: Group A: Participants will receive graston instrument soft tissue mobilization. Group B: Participants will receive combine treatment of graston instrument technique with lumbar traction and neural mobilization. Main outcome variables: Numeric Pain Rating Scale (Pain) Modified Oswestry Disability Index (Functional Disability)

Study aim: The study was aimed to assess the effect of sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) in the ‎treatment of cervicogenic headache Design: Two arm parallel group randomised trial with blinded postoperative care and outcome assessment Settings and conduct: The trial was completed at Safi Hospital Faisalabad. A sample of 40 female patients with cervicogenic headache aged 20 to 40 were randomly ‎assigned into two groups, i-e 20 subjects to treatment group and 20 subjects to control group. SNAGs were applied to ‎treatment group while control group was treated with placebo treatment Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria • Females age group 20-40 years • Females with cervicogenic headache • Females with decreased range of motion of cervical region • Having at least one episode of CGH in previous 3 months Exclusion Criteria • Females with migraine and tension type headache • Females with herniated disc, fracture, radiculopathy and trauma • Females with known congenital, inflammatory and infectious conditions of ‎cervical spine Intervention groups: This group was treated with SNAG to relieve neck pain and headache‎. The SNAGs were applied for 20 minutes in each session to the treatment group, alternative three days per week, a total of 12 times for four weeks. Main outcome variables: The VAS (visual analogue scale) and the NDI (neck weakness index) were used as main outcome measures

Study aim: Comparative effects of resistance training with or without aerobic training on sensation, balance, and proprioception in individuals with diabetic polyneuropathy Design: Pragmatic, community based, parallel group, double blind, randomised controlled trial Settings and conduct: Mayo Hospital, Services Hospital, Jamil Health Care Centre, and Physiofam clinic Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria were as follows: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was assessed using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instruments, the age range was 45-65 years, and Participants were capable of performing both resistance and aerobic exercises. Eligible subjects went under a physical examination and medical screening to exclude individuals with a History of amputation or sole injury and severe retinopathy. Undergoing dialysis or having neuropathy, Upper body neuropathy or arthritis that could hinder exercise participation, failure to attend exercise for more than 3 sessions, and subjects with musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, nervous, and peripheral vascular disorders such as myasthenia gravis, Parkinsonism, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Intervention groups: The control group received a protocol of Resistance Training only, and the Experimental group received a protocol of Resistance Training combined with Aerobic Training Main outcome variables: Sensation, Balance and Proprioception

Study aim: To evaluate the comparative effects of AI-generated exercise programs versus therapist-designed exercise programs on physical fitness among post-CABG patients. Design: Two groups, single blind Randomized Clinical Trial, 8 week , 50 participants Settings and conduct: Post CABG patients from Aziz Bhatti Teaching Hospital Gujrat , accessor is blind Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Post CABG patients, Inclusion criteria: both male or females whose age lies between 35-60 and had recent undergone surgery in last 3-6 months and cleared by Cleared by their cardiologist to participate in structures exercise program Exclusion criteria: pregnant females or patients with severe musculoskeletal conditions which can affect their exercise or patients with acute systemic illness or fever will be not include in this study. Intervention groups: Group A- (Al generated exercise plan) Group B- (Cardiopulmonary therapist designed plan) For group A Artificial intelligence (CHAT-GPT) tool will be used for exercise plan whereas for Group 2 Cardiopulmonary therapist will designed the plan of protocol. 8th weeks session will be taken , different weeks have different protocols with different frequencies, durations and intensities. Individuals' physical fitness levels were evaluated using the Senior Fitness Test protocol, and their quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form-36. Main outcome variables: Quality of life , Physical fitness

Study aim: To measure the effectiveness of small and large size chest drains on patient outcomes in malignant pleural effusion. Design: Two intervention groups, eight patients to be randomly assigned to each group via Microsoft Excel, a single center, parallel, non-blinded randomized controlled trial. Settings and conduct: The trial will be conducted in the pulmonology ward of a teaching hospital. Two groups of eight patients will be intubated with a small bore catheter and a large bore chest tube respectively. This trial is not blinded as the investigator and the patient both can see the size of the chest drain. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Only patients with malignant pleural effusion are included. Patients with hydropneumothorax, pneumothorax, and empyema thoracis are excluded. Intervention groups: Two groups. The first group will be inserted with a small bore chest catheter. The second group will be inserted with a large bore chest tube. Main outcome variables: Primary outcome: Duration of chest drain and hospitalization. Secondary outcome: Pain score during the course of intubation.

Study aim: The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of myofascial release and PNF on improvement in pain, range of motion and functional status in patient suffering with supraspinatus tendonitis Design: It will be single blinded randomized clinical trial. Study population that will suffering from supraspinatus tendinitis. 30 participants will be recruited according to criteria. Lottery method will be performed for allocation for participants in two groups. Settings and conduct: The data will be collected from • MTH Hospital Faisalabad, PT OPD • DHQ Hospital Faisalabad, PT OPD • Allied Hospital Faisalabad, PT OPD Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: 6 Inclusion criteria Participants who were socially active • Age;30-50years • Gender males and females • Pain on VAS 5-7 • Participants of Faisalabad Exclusion criteria • Patients with the history of Infections • Previous shoulder Surgery • Previous shoulder Fracture • Previous implants of shoulder Intervention groups: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria 30 diagnosed subjects were enrolled into 2 groups, 15 patients in each group. A questionnaire filled by the subjects. Group A will receive moist heat (15 minutes) and myofascial release 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks, group B will receive moist heat (15 minutes) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Three readings were taken pre reading before any treatment, mid reading after 6 sessions and third reading after 12 sessions. Main outcome variables: • Reducing pain • Improving functional disability • Increasing range of motion

Study aim: To compare efficacy of low dose oral minoxidil Versus topical minoxidil solution for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Design: Community based, parallel group, double blind, randomized controlled trial. Settings and conduct: In this study 80 patients with moderate to severe androgenetic alopecia are enrolled after explaining thoroughly the course and purpose of the study. Patients are randomly assigned to two groups one receiving oral minoxidil tablet and the other receiving 5% topical minoxidil solution. After 6 months of treatment patients are compared and evaluated by standard photography and patient's satisfaction score obtained at the beginning and end of treatment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: clinical diagnosis of AGA; age range between 18-55; patients who haven't received topical or systemic treatment for AGA within 3 months prior to the study. Exclusion criteria: those with other causes of hair loss such as inflammatory or scarring alopecia; any other types of alopecia. Intervention groups: Intervention group: on oral minoxidil tablet initial starting dose of 2.5 mg per day then gradually increasing the dose to maximum 5 mg per day for 6 months Control group on topical minoxidil solution 5% once daily for six months. Main outcome variables: Hair thickness; number of hairs; change in photographic pictures and patient's satisfaction score.

Study aim: To compare the frequency of post-operative outcomes vis. biliary leakage, post-operative pain, wound infection rate, recurrence of hydatid cyst disease and length of hospital stay between open versus laparoscopic surgery in patients with liver hydatid cyst disease. Design: Randomized, controlled trial, parallel group design of 84 patient enrolled between June 2022 to January 2023 in a single center. Settings and conduct: Surgical Unit-I, Nishtar Medical University/Hospital, Multan. Statistician was blinded in the study analysis i.e single blinded RCT. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: 1. Gender; both male and female patients. 2. Age range; 18-60 years. 3. Patients with liver hydatid cyst with size ≥3 cm (as per operational definition) Exclusion: 1. Severely anemic patients (Hb levels less than 8 g/dl) 2. Patients with recurrent disease, cysts in liver segment 1 and 7, concomitant cyst in other organs, cysto-biliary communication and patients with ruptured cyst (confirmed from patient record file and any suspected communication will be confirmed on CT). 3. Chronic liver disease (confirmed from patient record file). 4. Alcoholic abuse (patient’s history, alcohol consumption for > 1 year) 5. Pregnant ladies Intervention groups: Patients were categorized into group A for which hydatid disease surgery is by open method that is laparotomy and group B in which hydatid disease surgery is by laparoscopic surgery. Main outcome variables: BIliary leakage, wound infection, or recurrence of hydatid cyst.

Study aim: This study aims to compare the efficacy of topical Procapil 5% versus topical Minoxidil 5% in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Design: Community based, parallel group, single blinded, RCT Settings and conduct: In this study 38 patient with moderate to severe AGA are enrolled after explaining thoroughly the course and purpose of study. Patients are randomly assigned one of the two groups, one receiving topical Procapil 5% and the other receiving topical Minoxidil 5% solution twice daily for 6 months. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria A. Clinical diagnosis of AGA B. Age range of 18 - 55 years, C. Patients who haven’t received topical or systemic treatments for AGA within 3 months prior to the study. D. Patient who gave consent for the study Exclusion criteria A. Those with other causes of hair loss such as fungal infection such as taenia capitis, inflammatory or scarring alopecia, hyper-androgenism or other hormonal disorders B. Hypersensitive to the medications C. A history of severe systemic disease (renal, cardiovascular hepatic and lungs). D. Pregnant or breastfeeding patients Intervention groups: Intervention group 1: Patients in the first group will be treated with Topical Procapil 5% (1 cc twice daily). Intervention group 2: Patients in the second group will receive topical Minoxidil 5% (1 cc twice daily) for 6 months. Main outcome variables: Number of hairs, Change in photographic pictures and patient satisfaction score.

Study aim: The aim of this study was to determine if occlusal reduction can reduce post-operative pain to increase the comfort of the patient. Design: In this clinical trial once informed consent was taken each subject was allotted a group with the help of lottery method randomization. This was non concealed and non blinded from the subject. Sample collection was done on non- probability consecutive technique. Subjects were asked to record their pain perceived on the visual analogue scale at 24 th hour in both groups. Which was explained to them before hand. Settings and conduct: Operative dentistry and Endodontic department Rehmat Memorial Dental Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. It was a non blinded study and sample collected on non probability consecutive sampling. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION ; Patients having maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth with symptomatic apical periodontitis, teeth that tender to percussion, having moderate to severe pre-operative both gender and age 18 and above are included in the study. EXCLUSION ; Teeth with no opposing tooth, and patients presenting with swelling and sinus were excluded. Intervention groups: In the intervention group 2mm of occlusal reduction of the tooth will be done after first visit of endodontic treatment i.e. cleaning and shaping of canals Main outcome variables: Pain perceived by the subject at the 24 th hour. Recorded on the visual analogue scale .