Study aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of mulligan stretch with traction technique and muscle energy technique to increase hip flexion range of motion in athletes with hamstring tightness Design: Randomized, Parallel Group, Single Blinded Settings and conduct: The data was collected from Athletes in Shapes Executive Gym, Gulberg Lahore. Subject/patient were blinded throughout the study about assessment and inclusion in group Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age 18-30 yrs., Both male and female, negative Spring test, Asymptomatic, SLR < 80 Exclusion Criteria Symptoms of lower back pain, Lumbar Straightening, SI Joint Dysfunction, History of hamstring injury, Current musculoskeletal pain in hip region, Any other comorbidity limiting joint Range of motion Intervention groups: DESCRIPTION • Baseline measurements for both groups was done prior to start any intervention. • Intervention was performed for 4 weeks and 2 days within a week. • Midline measurements for both the groups was taken after 2 weeks of intervention. • Final measurement for both the groups was taken after 4 weeks of intervention. o Group A: Conventional hot pad for 10 mins daily and static self-stretching for hamstring flexibility as a home plan is guided to athlete. Muscle energy technique (METs) will be applied by using post isometric relaxation technique. o Group B: Conventional hot pad for 10 mins daily and static self-stretching for hamstring flexibility as a home plan is guided to athlete. Mulligan Stretch with traction Technique was applied Main outcome variables: Hip Flexion ROM, SLR

Study aim: The purpose of our study was figuring effects of regular isometric exercises and core muscles strengthening (core stability) of patients suffering from chronic Low back paiN. Design: experimental design. Settings and conduct: it was conducted at Al-Khumeini trust hospital, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria was both females and males, 18yr – 50yr of age, patients with LBP minimum from last 6 months. Exclusion criteria was any patients gone through lumbar spine surgery , Spondylolisthesis , general disease/ TB of spine and spinal trauma. Intervention groups: Two classification (A&B) in the research programme. (A) received routine physical therapy whereas (B) was received routine physical therapy combined with core stability exercises. All patients followed the routine therapy programme for CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN patients were provided by a rehabilitation centre for 8 week period this programme consisted of 1 hour of treatment a day 3 times a week for 8 weeks (24 sessions). Along with that, each patient in experimental group performed core stability exercises for 15 minutes every day. Main outcome variables: Pain on NPRS Functional Mobility on ODI

Study aim: • To determine and compare the effectiveness of post facilitation stretch technique with myofascial release in the management of pain and range of motion in piriformis syndrome. • To improve the quality of life of individuals suffering from Piriformis Syndrome. Design: Community based, Parallel group, Single blind, Randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Setting was Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi. Single blind study Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Only Male Patients with Piriformis Tightness and pain along the distribution of Sciatic nerve Age between 20-60 Exclusion Criteria: Acute traumatic cases Patient with disc Herniation Spinal stenosis Lumbar muscle strain Back Pain Intervention groups: Group A was treated with muscle energy technique (MET), Post facilitation stretch technique, 1 set of 5 repetition/ session, 3 sessions per week on alternate days & conventional physical therapy for six weeks. Group B was treated with Myofascial release technique included 3 set of repetitions per session, 3 sessions per week on alternate days plus conventional Physical therapy. Treated for the period of six weeks. Initially sweep is given to gain analgesic effects. Generally it is applied for appropriate time to achieve desired effects. The position for Myofascial release technique was prone lying and side lying. Main outcome variables: Pain -Numeric pain rating scale Functional Capacity at lower limb - Lower Extremity Functional Scale

Study aim: To determine the efficacy of SMS as a tool for health education in families of children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Design: Single blind randomized control trial Settings and conduct: Tertiary care hospitals in Rawalpindi Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: age 1 to 18 yrs; using subcutaneous insulin; ability to read and understand urdu by the patient or the care giver; possession and regular usage of a mobile phone by the patient or the care giver. Exclusion criteria: using oral hypoglycemic drugs concomitantly; advanced diabetic complication and end organ involvement; syndromic causes of diabetes; unwilling to participate in the study. Intervention groups: SMS containing educative material regarding T1DM and its management sent to the interventional group 4 days a week. Main outcome variables: HbA1c and BSF

Study aim: To compare the effect of trigger point Dry needling and Thera Press tool in treating myofascial neck pain, range of motion and pain pressure threshold. Design: two groups,single blinded randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Revive Spine & Pain Relief PT Clinic Max Rehab Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: inclusion: 1. Age 27 to 50 years 2. Both gender (Male &Females) 3. Male and females having neck pain . 4. Patients having trigger points (Active/latent) diagnosed by Simons and travell criteria exclusion: 1. Any surgical and traumatic condition. 2. Any neurological symptom and sign (partial or complete loss of sensation, seizures, poor cognitive ability). 3. Cervical radiculopathy (inflamed/damaged nerve root due to bone spur or cervical herniated disc). 4. Any systemic disease (rheumatoid arthritis, tumors, infections). Intervention groups: intervention group A dry needling technique intervention group B manual pressure technique with thera press tool Main outcome variables: Pain,Function, Range of Motion,Pain Pressure Threshold

Study aim: To determine effects of routine physical therapy with and without kinesiology tapping on postural control in spastic diaplegic cerebral palsy in children Design: Single blinded, parallel groups, Randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Setting was University of Lahore teaching hospital, Lahore. Study was single blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria • Diagnosed Spastic diplegic Cerebral Palsy in children • Both male and female • Age ranges from 2 to 8 years. • Classified in GMFCS LEVEL I-II • Spastic diplegic CP with kyphosis and sitting problem. • The muscle tone of lower limbs ranged according to the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) for grade 1 to +1. Exclusion Criteria • Hip dislocation, Kyphosis, Severe spasticity • Previous history of spinal or hip surgery • Botulinum toxin injection in the past 6 month • Previous history of hypersensitivity reaction to KT Intervention groups: Group A received KT in addition to routine physical therapy Group B received only physical therapy. Main outcome variables: Main variables were postural control in standing and sitting

Study aim: To determine the effect of graston instrument soft tissue mobilization in patients with sciatic nerve entrapment. Design: Randomized Clinical Trial Settings and conduct: Fatima Memorial Hospital Shadman Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria 1. Onset of radicular low back pain of less than 12 weeks. 2. Pain upon active SLR in 30-70̊. Sensitivity: 0.67 (11) Specificity: 0.26 (12) 3. Age group in range of 30-60 years. 4. Male only. 5. Sciatic nerve entrapment diagnosed on MRI Exclusion Criteria 1. Spinal Fracture. 2. Spinal tumor or any malignancy. 3. Psychiatric Disorder. 4. History of Osteoporosis. 5. Rheumatologic disorders. 6. Pain beyond 70̊ or below 30̊ on active SLR. 7. Positive compression and distraction test of SI joint. 8. Positive gaenslen’s test. 9. Any red flags. Intervention groups: Group A: Participants will receive graston instrument soft tissue mobilization. Group B: Participants will receive combine treatment of graston instrument technique with lumbar traction and neural mobilization. Main outcome variables: Numeric Pain Rating Scale (Pain) Modified Oswestry Disability Index (Functional Disability)

Study aim: The study was aimed to assess the effect of sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) in the ‎treatment of cervicogenic headache Design: Two arm parallel group randomised trial with blinded postoperative care and outcome assessment Settings and conduct: The trial was completed at Safi Hospital Faisalabad. A sample of 40 female patients with cervicogenic headache aged 20 to 40 were randomly ‎assigned into two groups, i-e 20 subjects to treatment group and 20 subjects to control group. SNAGs were applied to ‎treatment group while control group was treated with placebo treatment Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria • Females age group 20-40 years • Females with cervicogenic headache • Females with decreased range of motion of cervical region • Having at least one episode of CGH in previous 3 months Exclusion Criteria • Females with migraine and tension type headache • Females with herniated disc, fracture, radiculopathy and trauma • Females with known congenital, inflammatory and infectious conditions of ‎cervical spine Intervention groups: This group was treated with SNAG to relieve neck pain and headache‎. The SNAGs were applied for 20 minutes in each session to the treatment group, alternative three days per week, a total of 12 times for four weeks. Main outcome variables: The VAS (visual analogue scale) and the NDI (neck weakness index) were used as main outcome measures

Study aim: Comparative effects of resistance training with or without aerobic training on sensation, balance, and proprioception in individuals with diabetic polyneuropathy Design: Pragmatic, community based, parallel group, double blind, randomised controlled trial Settings and conduct: Mayo Hospital, Services Hospital, Jamil Health Care Centre, and Physiofam clinic Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria were as follows: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was assessed using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instruments, the age range was 45-65 years, and Participants were capable of performing both resistance and aerobic exercises. Eligible subjects went under a physical examination and medical screening to exclude individuals with a History of amputation or sole injury and severe retinopathy. Undergoing dialysis or having neuropathy, Upper body neuropathy or arthritis that could hinder exercise participation, failure to attend exercise for more than 3 sessions, and subjects with musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, nervous, and peripheral vascular disorders such as myasthenia gravis, Parkinsonism, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Intervention groups: The control group received a protocol of Resistance Training only, and the Experimental group received a protocol of Resistance Training combined with Aerobic Training Main outcome variables: Sensation, Balance and Proprioception

Study aim: To evaluate the comparative effects of AI-generated exercise programs versus therapist-designed exercise programs on physical fitness among post-CABG patients. Design: Two groups, single blind Randomized Clinical Trial, 8 week , 50 participants Settings and conduct: Post CABG patients from Aziz Bhatti Teaching Hospital Gujrat , accessor is blind Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Post CABG patients, Inclusion criteria: both male or females whose age lies between 35-60 and had recent undergone surgery in last 3-6 months and cleared by Cleared by their cardiologist to participate in structures exercise program Exclusion criteria: pregnant females or patients with severe musculoskeletal conditions which can affect their exercise or patients with acute systemic illness or fever will be not include in this study. Intervention groups: Group A- (Al generated exercise plan) Group B- (Cardiopulmonary therapist designed plan) For group A Artificial intelligence (CHAT-GPT) tool will be used for exercise plan whereas for Group 2 Cardiopulmonary therapist will designed the plan of protocol. 8th weeks session will be taken , different weeks have different protocols with different frequencies, durations and intensities. Individuals' physical fitness levels were evaluated using the Senior Fitness Test protocol, and their quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form-36. Main outcome variables: Quality of life , Physical fitness

Study aim: To measure the effectiveness of small and large size chest drains on patient outcomes in malignant pleural effusion. Design: Two intervention groups, eight patients to be randomly assigned to each group via Microsoft Excel, a single center, parallel, non-blinded randomized controlled trial. Settings and conduct: The trial will be conducted in the pulmonology ward of a teaching hospital. Two groups of eight patients will be intubated with a small bore catheter and a large bore chest tube respectively. This trial is not blinded as the investigator and the patient both can see the size of the chest drain. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Only patients with malignant pleural effusion are included. Patients with hydropneumothorax, pneumothorax, and empyema thoracis are excluded. Intervention groups: Two groups. The first group will be inserted with a small bore chest catheter. The second group will be inserted with a large bore chest tube. Main outcome variables: Primary outcome: Duration of chest drain and hospitalization. Secondary outcome: Pain score during the course of intubation.

Study aim: The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of myofascial release and PNF on improvement in pain, range of motion and functional status in patient suffering with supraspinatus tendonitis Design: It will be single blinded randomized clinical trial. Study population that will suffering from supraspinatus tendinitis. 30 participants will be recruited according to criteria. Lottery method will be performed for allocation for participants in two groups. Settings and conduct: The data will be collected from • MTH Hospital Faisalabad, PT OPD • DHQ Hospital Faisalabad, PT OPD • Allied Hospital Faisalabad, PT OPD Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: 6 Inclusion criteria Participants who were socially active • Age;30-50years • Gender males and females • Pain on VAS 5-7 • Participants of Faisalabad Exclusion criteria • Patients with the history of Infections • Previous shoulder Surgery • Previous shoulder Fracture • Previous implants of shoulder Intervention groups: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria 30 diagnosed subjects were enrolled into 2 groups, 15 patients in each group. A questionnaire filled by the subjects. Group A will receive moist heat (15 minutes) and myofascial release 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks, group B will receive moist heat (15 minutes) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Three readings were taken pre reading before any treatment, mid reading after 6 sessions and third reading after 12 sessions. Main outcome variables: • Reducing pain • Improving functional disability • Increasing range of motion

Study aim: To compare efficacy of low dose oral minoxidil Versus topical minoxidil solution for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Design: Community based, parallel group, double blind, randomized controlled trial. Settings and conduct: In this study 80 patients with moderate to severe androgenetic alopecia are enrolled after explaining thoroughly the course and purpose of the study. Patients are randomly assigned to two groups one receiving oral minoxidil tablet and the other receiving 5% topical minoxidil solution. After 6 months of treatment patients are compared and evaluated by standard photography and patient's satisfaction score obtained at the beginning and end of treatment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: clinical diagnosis of AGA; age range between 18-55; patients who haven't received topical or systemic treatment for AGA within 3 months prior to the study. Exclusion criteria: those with other causes of hair loss such as inflammatory or scarring alopecia; any other types of alopecia. Intervention groups: Intervention group: on oral minoxidil tablet initial starting dose of 2.5 mg per day then gradually increasing the dose to maximum 5 mg per day for 6 months Control group on topical minoxidil solution 5% once daily for six months. Main outcome variables: Hair thickness; number of hairs; change in photographic pictures and patient's satisfaction score.

Study aim: To compare the frequency of post-operative outcomes vis. biliary leakage, post-operative pain, wound infection rate, recurrence of hydatid cyst disease and length of hospital stay between open versus laparoscopic surgery in patients with liver hydatid cyst disease. Design: Randomized, controlled trial, parallel group design of 84 patient enrolled between June 2022 to January 2023 in a single center. Settings and conduct: Surgical Unit-I, Nishtar Medical University/Hospital, Multan. Statistician was blinded in the study analysis i.e single blinded RCT. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: 1. Gender; both male and female patients. 2. Age range; 18-60 years. 3. Patients with liver hydatid cyst with size ≥3 cm (as per operational definition) Exclusion: 1. Severely anemic patients (Hb levels less than 8 g/dl) 2. Patients with recurrent disease, cysts in liver segment 1 and 7, concomitant cyst in other organs, cysto-biliary communication and patients with ruptured cyst (confirmed from patient record file and any suspected communication will be confirmed on CT). 3. Chronic liver disease (confirmed from patient record file). 4. Alcoholic abuse (patient’s history, alcohol consumption for > 1 year) 5. Pregnant ladies Intervention groups: Patients were categorized into group A for which hydatid disease surgery is by open method that is laparotomy and group B in which hydatid disease surgery is by laparoscopic surgery. Main outcome variables: BIliary leakage, wound infection, or recurrence of hydatid cyst.

Study aim: This study aims to compare the efficacy of topical Procapil 5% versus topical Minoxidil 5% in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Design: Community based, parallel group, single blinded, RCT Settings and conduct: In this study 38 patient with moderate to severe AGA are enrolled after explaining thoroughly the course and purpose of study. Patients are randomly assigned one of the two groups, one receiving topical Procapil 5% and the other receiving topical Minoxidil 5% solution twice daily for 6 months. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria A. Clinical diagnosis of AGA B. Age range of 18 - 55 years, C. Patients who haven’t received topical or systemic treatments for AGA within 3 months prior to the study. D. Patient who gave consent for the study Exclusion criteria A. Those with other causes of hair loss such as fungal infection such as taenia capitis, inflammatory or scarring alopecia, hyper-androgenism or other hormonal disorders B. Hypersensitive to the medications C. A history of severe systemic disease (renal, cardiovascular hepatic and lungs). D. Pregnant or breastfeeding patients Intervention groups: Intervention group 1: Patients in the first group will be treated with Topical Procapil 5% (1 cc twice daily). Intervention group 2: Patients in the second group will receive topical Minoxidil 5% (1 cc twice daily) for 6 months. Main outcome variables: Number of hairs, Change in photographic pictures and patient satisfaction score.

Study aim: The aim of this study was to determine if occlusal reduction can reduce post-operative pain to increase the comfort of the patient. Design: In this clinical trial once informed consent was taken each subject was allotted a group with the help of lottery method randomization. This was non concealed and non blinded from the subject. Sample collection was done on non- probability consecutive technique. Subjects were asked to record their pain perceived on the visual analogue scale at 24 th hour in both groups. Which was explained to them before hand. Settings and conduct: Operative dentistry and Endodontic department Rehmat Memorial Dental Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. It was a non blinded study and sample collected on non probability consecutive sampling. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION ; Patients having maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth with symptomatic apical periodontitis, teeth that tender to percussion, having moderate to severe pre-operative both gender and age 18 and above are included in the study. EXCLUSION ; Teeth with no opposing tooth, and patients presenting with swelling and sinus were excluded. Intervention groups: In the intervention group 2mm of occlusal reduction of the tooth will be done after first visit of endodontic treatment i.e. cleaning and shaping of canals Main outcome variables: Pain perceived by the subject at the 24 th hour. Recorded on the visual analogue scale .

Study aim: The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of the new anti-epileptic drug lacosamide when compared with conventional treatment with topiramate for the treatment of young adults with chronic migraine Design: Quasi experimental interventional study Settings and conduct: Double blinded with the doctor and patient unaware of the study protocol with the doctor advising the interventional drug to the patient in sealed envelopes from the department Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: All male and female patients aged 18-30 diagnosed with migraine according to the ICHD 3 criteria and having chronic migraine will be included Patients with diabetes and hypertension or critical respiratory, renal or cardiac disease, patients with allergy to lacosamide or topiramate and patients unwilling to be included in the study will be excluded Intervention groups: Two Groups Group L receiving Oral Lacosamide 150 mg twice a day Group T recieving Oral Topiramate 50 mg twice a day Main outcome variables: Frequency of acute attacks in the following three months of therapy and improvement seen by standard Chronic headache quality of life questionnaire

Study aim: : The objective of this study is to compare and observe the post-operative analgesic efficacy of ultrasound guided transversalis fascia plane (TFPB) block when compared with anterior quadratus lumborum (QL) block in patients undergoing caesarian section. Design: Prospective observational study Settings and conduct: Prospective observational study Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: incluson criteria included all ASA-I and II female patients presenting for elective caesarian with a gestational age of more than 38 weeks to be done by Pfannenstiel incision under general anesthesia. Exclusion criteria excluded patients with metastatic disease, major cardiac or respiratory disease, low ejection fraction, post chemotherapy, major coagulopathy and unwilling to be included in the study Intervention groups: Both blocks were done bilaterally under ultrasound guidance following the standard aseptic techniques and protocols furnished by NYSORA at the end of surgery under general anesthesia. Primary variables measured were mean total 24-hour morphine consumption and median scores on the NRS scale at 3-, 6-, 12- and 24-hours interval Main outcome variables: post operative analgesia in patients undergoing cesarian section

Study aim: Compare the analgesic efficacy of magnesium sulfate versus lignocaine with intravenous acetaminophen in asthmatic patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Design: The patients were Group into M (n=55) receiving IV MgSO4 and IV Acetaminophen and Group L (n=55) IV Lignocaine with IV Acetaminophen. Variables measured were per-operative mean heart rate, mean arterial pressure, time to first rescue analgesia, total dose of analgesia required in the next 24 hours post-surgery, and median pain scores at 1-, 3- and 6-hour intervals. Settings and conduct: This quasi-experimental study was carried out at the Department of Anesthesiology, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from Jun 2023-Dec 2023. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patient undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy which included all ASA-I and II patients diagnosed with asthma by spirometry pre- and post-bronchodilator therapy. Exclusion criteria: included patients with major cardiac or respiratory disease, low ejection fraction, unoptimized for hypertension or diabetes, patients with cholecystitis, patients allergic to acetaminophen, MgSO4, lignocaine or nalbuphine, patient with history of asthma exacerbation requiring admission in the last 8 weeks, patients on oral or intravenous steroids for asthma and patients unwilling to be included in the study. Intervention groups: patients were divided into two groups. Patients in Group M received intravenous MgSO4 with intravenous acetaminophen. Patients in Group L received intravenous lignocaine with intravenous acetaminophen. Main outcome variables: heart rate, mean arterial pressure, time to first rescue analgesia, total dose of analgesia required in the next 24 hours post-surgery, and median pain scores at 1-, 3- and 6-hour intervals.

Study aim: EFFECTS OF PILATES VS CORE STABILIZATION EXERCISES ON PULMONARY FUNCTIONS AND CHEST WALL EXPANSION IN COPD PATIENTS Design: Two parallel group , single blinded, randomized control trial with pre and post assessment Settings and conduct: Pulmonology Ward District Headquarter Hospital Narowal Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria Patients with stable COPD Male & female age >18 years Able to walk independently Ability to perform voluntary given exercise program Did not participate in any training program during the last six months Exclusion criteria Unstable COPD >4 months hospital admissions due to COPD during last 1 year cognitive impairments  progressive neuromuscular disease Spinal cord Injuries or severe orthopedic problems cardiovascular Intervention groups: Group A: will be treated by Pilates exercises with deep breathing Group B: will be treated by core stabilization exercises with deep breathing Main outcome variables: Assessment of pulmonary functions by using spirometer. tape measurement for chest wall expansion.

Study aim: To find out Effects of exercise training with whole-body electric muscle stimulation on cardiorespiratory perceived exertion, dyspnea and pulmonary function test in obese females Design: Two parallel group , single blinded, randomized control trial with pre and post assessment Settings and conduct: Pro EMS Fitness & Rehabilitation Center Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: 1. Age 25- 40 yrs 2. Obese Females 3. Hypothyroid 4. BMI(30-39.99) 5. Ability to perform physical activity voluntarily 6. Dyspnea Exclusion Criteria: 1. Physical Inactivity 2. Skin Allergies 3. Abdomen or groin hernia tuberculosis 4. Cancer 5. Neurologic disturbances 6. Bleeding tendencies 7. Reported injuries (i.e. hip, abdomen, groin and hernia) 8. Diseases (i.e. epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia) Intervention groups: Standardized EMS training program along with obese females Main outcome variables: Borg Scale 6-Min Walk Test Spirometer

Study aim: This study investigates the effect of virtual reality (VR) intervention in improving balance, postural control and stability in acute and sub acute stroke patients Design: Non-probability consecutive sampling Settings and conduct: Allied hospital Faisalabad Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria • Willing to give consent • Patients having age between 45 to 60 years • Both male and female • Mini mental scale more than 18 score • Burg Balance Scale score less than 20 Exclusion Criteria • Recurrent stroke episodes • Any other neurological conditions that causes balance disturbs that is Azheimer, parkinsons, dementia • Malignancy, infectious disease • Any surgery within last 6 months • Chronic stroke patients Intervention groups: Group A recieved an active control group will receive baseline treatment that is Functional electrical stimulation and Range of motion exercises for balance. Range of motion exercises are Ankle movements, stand tall,feet together, side steps, Hip abduction, Heel rises, weight shift, and leg stance, balance walking. Each exercises performed with the repitions of 10 reps, 5 sets. Functional electrical stimulation used for the stimulation and improving balance. FES deilievered with 0.3-ms pulses at 30 HZ with the maximum tolerance of intensity 20-30 mA in acute stage Goup B received protocol which includes virtual reality along with baseline treatment. A total of 18 sessions (3 alternate sessions per week or 45 min each) performed on the participants in 40 minute session Main outcome variables: Balance Berg Scale Postural assessment scale for stroke

Study aim: The objectives are to enhance gaze stability through the application of gaze stabilization exercises and Cawthorne Cooksey exercises also to study and compare the effect of Gaze stabilization exercises and Cawthorne Cooksey exercises on Craniovertebral angle, Thoracic angle, Vestibular ocular reflex, Cervical ranges. Design: Simple random sampling. Settings and conduct: The University of Faisalabad. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria • Participants willing to give consent • IT students • Both genders • Age: 19-25 years • Screen time 6-8 hours • VOR(+) • Craniovertebral angle 50°-53° • Thoracic angle 300-500 Exclusion criteria • Uncooperative participants • No other neurological disorder • History of ear infection • History of migraine • History of dizziness, vertigo • Subjects with history of head injury • Subjects with ADHD Intervention groups: Group A The participants of experimental group A will perform Gaze stabilization exercises as treatment approach for 3 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 3 times a day. Group B The participants of experimental group B will perform Cawthorne Cooksey exercises as a treatment protocol for 1 minute thrice a day (total 3 minutes per day) on alternate days for 3 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 3 times a day. Main outcome variables: Goniometer Inclinometer

Study aim: The study aims to see the effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the nutritional status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis Design: Single-centre, randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: This single-center clinical trial will be conducted at the Pak Emirates Military Hospital (Dialysis Unit). Patients will be randomized to either a control or study group after consent. Hand grip strength, and triceps skinfold thickness along with serum bicarbonate, albumin, creatinine, and hemoglobin will be noted at baseline, 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks.. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Individuals from either gender who were > 18 years of age on twice weekly maintenance hemodialysis for more than 6 months, able to comply with study instructions, and having serum bicarbonate levels ≤23mmol/L were included in the study. Individuals having an active infection, unstable heart disease, congestive heart failure, limb amputation and renal tubular acidosis were excluded from the study. Moreover, patients on bisphosphonate therapy, and calcium or sodium bicarbonate therapy were also excluded. Intervention groups: The participants were divided into 2 groups. The control group was not given any medication while the Study group was given tablet Sodium Bicarbonate 600mg three times a day orally. Main outcome variables: Changes in hand grip strength, triceps skinfold thickness, serum bicarbonate, serum albumin, and hemoglobin will be noted.

Study aim: To compare the efficacy of pregabalin and sertraline in treating uremic pruritus Design: Randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: This single-center clinical trial would be conducted at the Pak Emirates Military Hospital (Dialysis Unit). All patients to provide consent. Patients to be randomized to receive either Pregabalin or Sertraline. Urdu version of the 5-D Itch Scale would be self-administered to assess severity of itching at baseline, and at 6 weeks post commencement of treatment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients of both genders having age ≥19 years, on twice weekly HD for ESRD for at least six months, and having UP for at least six weeks, were included in this study. Exclusion criteria included dermatological or systemic diseases associated with pruritis, mental health issues affecting the ability to respond to the 5-D Itch Scale, and patients on a thrice-a-week HD schedule. Moreover, individuals already on some treatment for UP were generally excluded, except for patients on oral anti-histamines, for whom there was a washout period of two weeks before participation in this study Intervention groups: The Pregabalin group would be given Pregabalin 75mg once a day orlly, while Sertraline Group would be given sertraline 50mg once a day orally. Main outcome variables: Change in the severity of pruritus after six weeks of intervention.