Study aim: Primary aim of this study is to evaluate kinesio taping (KT) in addition to routine physical therapy (RPT) on balance, gait and quality in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Secondary aim, evaluate effectiveness of KT on motor symptoms, freezing of gait and activities of daily livings in PD. This study also investigate the immediate effects of KT on balance and gait in PD patients. Design: Parallel group, double blind, randomized controlled trial, enrolled between March 2019 and July 2019, and followed for 3 months Settings and conduct: University Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Clinic, University of Lahore. Participant, outcome assessor and data analyser blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients are eligible if they had diagnosis of PD according to UK Brain Bank criteria, modified Hoehn & Yahr Stage 2.5-3, MDS-UPDRS III subscore for “gait” and “postural stability” is ≥ 1. Stable dose of levodopa for last 4 weeks. They are excluded if they score Mini Mental State Examination < 24/30. Patient had deep brain stimulation surgery. Fixed vertebral deformities. Have severe cardiovascular or pulmonary problems. Intervention groups: In RPT, stretching, strengthening exercises, balance exercises; aerobic exercises, treadmill training were also given. In intervention group KT along with RPT given. KT was applied in a tailored manner for each patient, on two regions, back and leg. On back, 2 strips were applied along the dorsal lumbar spinal tract between the T1 and L5 vertebrae spinous processes, bilaterally. While adding 1 other vertical strip on the lumbar region (quadratus lumborum muscle) opposite to the flexed side. On both legs, KT was attached to the skin on the course of tibialis anterior muscle. Main outcome variables: GAITRite Platinum system (GaitRite, CIR system Inc., USA, 2008). Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39) Berg Balance Scale MDS-UPDRS III

Study aim: The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of combined treatment with triamcinolone acetonide and I/L plus tacrolimus versus tacrolimus alone in young patients with AA ,the study aims to compare clinical outcomes ,including symptoms resolution,improvement in hair fall & patient satisfaction between the two treatment regimens. Design: Community-based ,parallel group .non blind ,randomized controlled trial. Settings and conduct: This study will be conducted on patients presenting in dermatology OPD fulfilling the inclusion criteria and study is not blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria for the study are diagnosed cases of alopecia areata,patient age between 12-50 years of either sex,those willing to provide informed consent. Patient diagnosed with alopecia areata. Exclusion Criteria include ,patient having SALT score < 50 at baseline. Non-consenting patient. Patient with autoimmune diseases. Pregnant women. Patient's on immunosuppression therapy. Intervention groups: All patient will be randomly divided into 2 groups by using sequentially numbered opaque envelop. Patient in group A will receive intralesional triamcinolone Acetonide with topical tacrolimus 0.1% while group B will receive topical tacrolimus 0.1%. In group A, intralesional triamcinolone Acetonide 10mg will be given every 3 weeks along with topical tacrolimus 0.1% twice a day for 12 weeks. In group B, topical tacrolimus 0.1% will be advise twice a day for 12 weeks. Main outcome variables: Final outcome efficacy will be evaluated after 12 weeks of treatment by using SALT score as per criteria mentioned in operational definition. All the findings confounding variables such as age, gender, residence and duration of hair loss will be noted in a predesigned performa.Efficacy in intralesional triamcinolone Acetonide with tacrolimus groups was higher as compared to tacrolimus alone (53.33% vs 30%).

Study aim: • To compare the effects of Mulligan and Maitland mobilization to decrease pain and improve Range of Motion among patients having Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain. • To find out either Mulligan or Maitland mobilization is effective to eliminate kinesiophobia among patients due to Chronic Non Specific Low Back Pain. Design: A Single Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial was conducted. Settings and conduct: Subjects were recruiting from Outdoor Patient Department of; • District Headquarter Nankana Sahib • Alkarim Hospital Nankana Sahib Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: inculsion criteria: • Both gender (Male /Female) with the age 20-40. • Patient having low back pain with duration of at least 4 months. • At least moderate pain according to NPRS. • Minimum flexion of lumbar was 37±12° (23). • Minimum extension of lumbar was 14±4° (23). • Minimum kinesiophobia was 40±4 exclusion criteria: • Diagnosed with specific disease of LBP (arthritis, SIJ pain, and osteoporosis) • Recent fracture or history of fracture • Osteoporosis • Pregnancy or C-section 6 months ago • Previous hip or back surgery or fracture less than half year prior Intervention groups: Group A basically a Mulligan group and Group B was a Maitland group. Group A (Mulligan group), apply Hot Pack first for 10 minutes to warm while the patient lies in a comfortable position. After the warm-up, the patient received a Mulligan mobilization during which the exercisers performed half crunches, knee-to-chest, and hamstring stretches for 15 minutes. And same for Group B (Maitland group), but the difference was to apply Maitland Mobilization. Main outcome variables: Outcome Measure Following outcome measures were used to gather data from selected population. 1-Primary Outcome Measure • Pain intensity = Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). • Lumbar Range of Motion = Measuring tape. 2-Secondary Outcome Measure Kinesiophobia = Tampa Scale.

Study aim: To determine the comparative effects of semont liberatory maneuver and Cawthorne Cooksey exercises in patients with posterior semicircular canal BPPV To estimate the effectiveness of both the treatments To evaluate the improvement in patient's symptoms Design: Pragmatic, parallel group, single blinded, randomised controlled trial Settings and conduct: Allied Hospital Faisalabad National Hospital Faisalabad Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria 1. Gender female 2. Willing participants 3. Age 25-45 years 4. Acute cases of BPPV 5. Participants physically capable of undergoing the Semont maneuver. 6. Positive Dix-Hallpike test 7. Absence of other vestibular disorders Exclusion Criteria 1. Patients with progressive vascular pathology 2. Patients with active vertigo complaints were excluded 3. Patients having neck fragility or neck instability 4. Patients who had some brainstem or cerebellar signs. 5. Mentally unstable patients 6. patients with cognitive and perceptual problems Intervention groups: Intervention Group A Group A will receive Semont liberatory maneuver. Group B Group B will receive Cawthorne Cooksey Exercises. Both groups will receive intervention 3 times per week for 3 weeks. Pre readings will be calculated before the start of intervention. 1st reading post treatment will be taken after 2 weeks, 2nd reading post treatment will be taken after 3rd week. Main outcome variables: Dizziness Visual analogue scale (VAS) Dizziness handicap inventory (DHI)

Study aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of KT with conventional physical therapy and MWM with conventional physical therapy on pain, disability, and function in footballers with sub-acute lateral ankle sprains. Design: Parallel group, single-blind, randomized control trial Settings and conduct: 30 subjects will be studied at the Dr. AQ Khan Physio Clinic, Multan. Participants and assessors will be blinded. During the first visit, the researcher will complete a thorough case history and lumbar regional assessment. Patients will be assessed using the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure score for function and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale for pain. Treatment will then be continued according to the allotted group intervention. All participants will receive a total of 12 treatment sessions over a 4-week period, which will consist of 3 treatment sessions per week. The researcher will take a follow-up survey after 12 sessions. A follow-up assessment will be done at the end of 12 sessions as the post-treatment reading. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: age between 13 and 17 years; male athletes; more than two years’ participation in a football career; history of recurrent ankle sprains with an average of six months since their last sprain; feeling of ankle instability during training. Exclusion criteria: current assisted ambulation; acute ankle trauma occurring within 7 days of injury incident; medial ankle instability; grade III ankle sprains; a sprain sustained in the previous 12 months; connective tissue disorder; inability to bear weight through the affected extremity immediately after injury; chronic ankle injury on the contralateral side. Intervention groups: Group A: Kinesio taping with conventional physical therapy. Group B: Mulligan’s Mobilization with Movement with conventional physical therapy. Main outcome variables: Pain and function

Study aim: Determining the Impact of an Educational Intervention Based on the Health Belief Model on Air Pollution-Reducing Behaviors Among Drivers in Tehran. Design: After Selecting 80 Drivers From Among Those Who Scored The Lowest In Performance During The Descriptive-Analytical Phase (Pre-Test), A Simple Random Sampling Method Is Used To Randomly Allocate Them Into Intervention And Control Groups. The Developed Educational Program Is Delivered To The Intervention Group, While The Control Group Receives No Intervention. Post-Tests Are Conducted At Three Different Time Points: Immediately After The Intervention, One Month Post-Intervention, And Three Months Post-Intervention, For Both The Intervention And Control Groups. Settings and conduct: The Study Is Conducted Among Active Taxi Drivers In Tehran, Who Are Randomly Assigned Into Two Groups: Intervention And Control. The Designed Educational Program Is Delivered To The Intervention Group, While The Control Group Receives No Intervention. Post-Tests Are Administered At Three Different Time Points: Immediately After The Intervention, One Month Post-Intervention, And Three Months Post-Intervention, For Both The Intervention And Control Groups. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: - Reading And Writing Skills - Having At Least One Year Of Driving Experience As A Taxi Driver - Staying In Tehran - Informed Consent Exclusion Criteria: - Lack Of Interest In Continuing To Participate In Research - Absence In One Of The Training Sessions - Change Of Residence Intervention groups: Taxi Drivers in Tehran City, Such As Taxis Main outcome variables: Driving Behavior

Study aim: To determine the effects of multi-modal balance training with and without auditory cues on balance, mobility, risk of fall and quality of life in chronic stroke. Design: A randomized, single blinded clinical trial with a parallel group design of 42 patients ( divided into two groups), were selected from Physical Therapy Department of Islam teaching hospital and Imran idrees hospital cantt. and followed for 12 weeks Settings and conduct: The data will be collected from the Islam teaching Hospital and Imran idrees hospital cantt.. The study population will be patients witrh chronic stroke which will randomly allocated into two groups. Group A (Multimodal Balance Training with Auditory cues) and Group B ( Multimodal Balance Training without Auditory cues). Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria will be both genders with the age between 45-70 years , having one sided stroke with no or less than grade 2 spasticity in modified ashworth scale and less than 52 score in berg balance scale. Exclusion criteria will be the patients with any respiratory disorders (i.e. asthma), orthopedic disorder (i.e. arthritis), non-healing ulcers, visuospatial problems (i.e. hemineglect) and cardiac disorder ( i.e. myocardial infarction) Intervention groups: Both experimental groups received balance training; one intervention group (Group A) received exercises combined with auditory cues provided by using a google metronome (RAS-supported multimodal balance intervention), whereas the other intervention group (Group B ) received balance training without auditory cues (only multimodal balance training). All the participants perform exercises for 45 minutes session with 10 minutes of rest break, on two alternative days in a week for a period of 12 weeks. Effects of intervention will be measured after 6th and 12th weeks Main outcome variables: Balance, Gait mobility, Risk of fall, Quality of life

Study aim: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of Natural Apophyseal Glides (NAGs) and Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glides (SNAGs) versus Myofascial Release (MFR) technique, individually and combined, on pain, mobility, and range of motion in university students. Design: Three-arm, parallel-group, randomized trail with blinded postoperative care and outcome assessment. A total of 102 university students diagnosed with mechanical/non-specific neck pain were randomly allocated (1:1:1) using a computer-generated random sequence to received therapeutic interventions. Settings and conduct: Eligible university students with mechanical neck pain from IISAT University, Gujranwala, PK were randomly allocated to one of three groups: Group A, receiving Natural Apophyseal Glides and Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glides; Group B, receiving Myofascial Release; or Group C, receiving combined therapy. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Neck pain ≥4 weeks, Visual Analog Scale ≥3, Neck Disability Index 10–30%, and ≥10% limitation in cervical range of motion (ROM) in at least one direction. Exclusion criteria: Cervical fracture/trauma, radiculopathy, previous surgery, systemic inflammatory disease, concurrent physiotherapy for neck pain, or psychiatric illness affecting participation. Intervention groups: All groups received treatment 3 times/week for 4 weeks (12 sessions). Group A: Natural Apophyseal Glides (NAGs; C2–C7 oscillatory glides) and Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glides during active cervical movements (20–25 min/session). Group B: Myofascial Release technique applied to cervical and shoulder girdle muscles (10–15 min/session). Group C: Combined protocol of Myofascial Release followed by Natural Apophyseal Glides and Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glides (20–25 min/session). Main outcome variables: Visual Analog Pain Score, Neck Disability Score, and Cervical Range of Motion.

Study aim: The aim of this study will be to determine the immediate effects of active release technique on Pain, ROM and Functional Disability in patients with adhesive capsulitis patients. Design: Parallel group randomized clinical trial and Randomization will be achieved through computer generated random number table. Settings and conduct: Allied Hospital Faisalabad. It will be assessor who will be blinded about the type of intervention. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Both gender Age 40 to 65 years Unilateral adhesive capsulitis Grade 1 adhesive capsulitis diagnosed by orthopedic specialist. Exclusion criteria: Participants having rotator cuff injury. Cervical radiculopathy Thoracic outlet syndrome Autoimmune diseases Fracture of upper limb Intervention groups: Group A will receive active release technique after conservative treatment. Conservative treatment will be given in form of hot pack for 15 minutes followed by pendular movements. Following pendular exercises patients will be instructed to perform active assisted exercises comprising of 3 sets, 10 repetitions with 10 second’s hold. after that active release technique will be applied by Therapist in which Therapist will apply pressure or deep tension over the tender area or trigger points while patient will actively perform the movement throughout the maneuver. This technique will be repeated 3 times per session and total treatment duration will be 40 to 45 minutes. It will comprise of 12 sessions, twice a week for 4 weeks Group B will receive conventional treatment in form of hot pack for 15 minutes followed by pendular movements. Following pendular exercises patients will be instructed to perform active assisted exercises comprising of 3 sets, 10 repetitions with 10 second’s hold. Total treatment duration will be 25 to 30 minutes Main outcome variables: Pain Range of motion of shoulder Functional disability

adults at National Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Islamabad, Pakistan Participants/Inclusion and

Study aim: The goal of this study was to determine the effect of Kefir supplementation of on clinical outcomes and immune response in COVID-19 patients. Design: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial with a sample size of 100 patients Settings and conduct: In this study, 100 adult patients with the criteria of being infected with COVID-19 after being admitted to the Corona Ward of Tehran Army Hospital 503 were selected based on the entry criteria and randomly entered into 2 study groups. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 Intervention groups: In the intervention group, participants received kefir grains (2-10%) to milk twice a day (250 ccs each time) for two weeks. Main outcome variables: Inflammatory factors and clinical status

Study aim: To compare the outcome of open kinetic chain and close kinetic chain neuromuscular training to reduce pain and improve functional status in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome Design: Two arms parallel-group randomized controlled trial in which 60 patients (30 in each group) will be assigned into two groups Settings and conduct: The sampling frame formed for all the diagnosed patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, presenting to the physiotherapy department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, and through a simple random sampling technique sample will be drawn. After taking consent from the patients, the patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be selected for the study. Patients and assessors will be blind regarding the treatment groups. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: All patients between the age of 18 to 30 years, diagnosed cases of Patellofemoral pain syndrome on the basis of history and physical examination will be included in this study. Patients with a history of surgery, trauma, dislocation of patella, degenerative joint disease, cardiac or locomotor disorders documented in history or history of any instability of knee due to meniscal or ligament injury confirmed by physical examination will be excluded. Intervention groups: Intervention group 1: neuromuscular close kinetic chain group. Intervention group 2: neuromuscular open kinetic chain Main outcome variables: Pain; severity of symptoms; functional status; Kaujala anterior knee pain scale; Q-angle

Study aim: To find out and compare the effect gong’s mobilization and mulligan mobilization on pain of adhesive Capsulitis patients. To find out and compare the effect of gong’s mobilization and mulligan mobilization on proprioception of Adhesive Capsulitis patient. To find out and compare the effect of gong’s mobilization and mulligan mobilization on sleep quality of Adhesive Capsulitis patient Design: The study was a single blinded randomized clinical trail Settings and conduct: The study was conducted in Benazir Bhutto hospital, randomly allocated 15 patients to Group A and 15 patients to Group B through sealed envelope method, to ensure fairness and randomness Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria Both male and female patients with age between 40-65 years. Patients with unilateral Adhesive Capsulitis. History of Shoulder joint pain and shoulder stiffness for more than 3 months Person with bad sleep quality, and diagnosed with ≥5 score in PSQI. Person with Abduction ≥ 50º 3.3.2. Exclusion Criteria Participants failing to fell in this category were excluded from the study. Participants with history of shoulder surgery Post traumatic shoulder pain & stiffness Recent History of fracture Diagnosed instability and history of dislocation Congenital abnormalities of Shoulder Systemic inflammatory conditions (RA) Intervention groups: The subjects were randomized into two groups with equal participants in each group. Each group was assessed at baseline and after 2 weeks (6 sessions per week) of intervention which included pain through VAS, proprioception through laser pointer angle reproduction test and sleep quality through Pittsburg Sleep Index. Experimental group 1 received Gong’s mobilization and experimental group 2 received Mulligan mobilization. Main outcome variables: VAS Laser-Pointer Assisted Angle Reproduction Test (LP-ART) for proprioception Pittsburgh sleep index

carried out at PAF School for Persons with Special Needs (PSNs) PAF Base Nur Khan Rawalpindi, Pakistan

sehat medical complex lahore Pakistan Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Crtieria

& 600 from Pakistan would be recruited by Simple Random Sampling (SRS). A valid questionnaire (Oswestry (...) of above mentioned questionnaires would be used for right hand drive drivers in Pakistan. In the

Study aim: Determine the effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing and education Self Knowledge Sources on life style .in Patients with type II diabetes. Design: ‏ 80 patients were selected randomly and randomly divided into two groups of 40 patients. Then, patients at the Firouzgar Hospital were exposed to motivational interviewing and patients at Imam Reza Hospital were trained by Self Knowledge Sources Settings and conduct: 40 patients from Imam Reza Hospital and 40 patients from Firouzgar Hospital will be selected randomly. For both groups, a preliminary pre-test is performed. Then, patients in the Firouzgar Hospital are are exposed to motivational interview for 10 sessions; and Imam Reza Hospital patients are exposed to Self Knowledge Sources for 10 sessions. Finally, the post-test is executed and the data is analyzed. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Aged over 35 Not having another chronic disease Having Type 2 Diabetes Exclusion Criteria‏ History of the disease less than 1 year Use of non-diabetic drugs Alcohol or substance abuse Simultaneously undergo another psychological treatment Except motivational interviewing and education Self Knowledge Sources Intervention groups: . In the first group, patients receive 10 sessions of motivational interviewing for 2 two hours.and the second group patients receive 10 sessions of education Self Knowledge Sources for 2 two hours. Main outcome variables: life style: , lifestyle is a combination of behavioral patterns and individual habits throughout life, including nutrition, physical activity, stress, smoking and the quality of sleep that arose after being socialized. The lifestyle is a multifaceted phenomenon that all The aspects of everyday life, sleep, food, health, customs, work, play, entertainment, time spent, consensus, thinking, behavior, feelings and emotions.

Study aim: Comparison of the effectiveness of two local anesthetic techniques of Inferior alveolar nerve block(IANB) and intra periodontal ligament injection of the pain during extraction of mandibular posterior teeth Design: Study is randomized clinical trial which is split mouth . we have 30 patients . In the split mouth method two symmetrical side of mouth is chosen for two different interventions hence the local factors are reduced and the sturdy will be more accurate. The study was two side blind which evaluator and patients weren't aware of the treatment groups. There were two groups of case and control. Settings and conduct: the study is done in tehran azad dentistry school and other clinics . the patients and evaluators are blind . Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: all the patients indicated for bilateral mandibular posterior teeth extraction Intervention groups: on the one side of the mandible Inferior alveolar nerve block is given and the other side intra peiodontal ligament injection is given Main outcome variables: Pain

The main target of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of β-D-Mannuronic acid in patients suffering from Rheumatoid Arthritis. Β-D-Mannuronic acid which is an anti-inflammatory agent, is ranked in the family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This agent has expressed qualified therapeutic effects with the greatest tolerability and safety in different experimental models like experimental model of Multiple schlerosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, nephrotic syndrome and acute glomerulonephritis. In this randomized controlled trial, 203 patients afflicted by Rheumatoid Arthritis, diagnosed based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Diagnostic Criteria that have active disease, will be examined. Furthermore, these patients should not have other concomitant diseases such as Hepatic, renal, cardiovascular diseases or malignancies. Written informed consent will be signed by the patients. Then Patients will be randomly divided into two groups (Treatment and Control group). Treatment group (112 patients) will receive β-D-Mannuronic acid 1500 mg/day (three 500 mg tablets/day)with conventional immunosuppressive drugs and Control group (91 patients) ) will receive placebo with conventional immunosuppressive drugs orally for 12 weeks. Medical history and clinical parameters including the serum level of CRP, ESR, RF and Anti CCP will be evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks after treatment. The manner of blinding in this study is so neither participants in the study nor the persons who perform the test will be aware of the intervention. In order to allocate the patients randomly into two groups mentioned above, at first 29 blocks of 7 with C and T letters (The letters indicate the Treatment and Control groups) are created. 4 patients of each block belong to the treatment group and 3 patients belong to the control group. Then the blocks are randomly selected and arranged to reach a sequential combination of 203 letters. Each letter will be placed in a sealed packet according to the obtained sequence

Study aim: Determination of the effectiveness of melatonin-containing mucoadhesive on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis Design: A clinical trial with a control group, with parallel groups, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 on 44 patients. Random allocation software 2 for randomization. Settings and conduct: Toouba Dental Clinic, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences How to intervene in the intervention group (with melatonin mucosal adhesive) and control (placebo): Mucosal adhesive 3 times a day (Morning, afternoon and night) for 30 minutes and removing then (In addition to the examination on the day of visit), the patient should revisit on the third, fifth, and seventh days to have the pain level with the Visual analogue scale, the size of the ulcer with the probe, as well as the length of the healing period In this double-blind study (researcher, analyst and participant) for blinding, codes A (melatonin) and B (placebo) will be generated using software. Finally, the codes will be placed in a sealed envelope and the sample number will be written on the envelope. These envelopes, along with the mucosal adhesive, will be in dark packaging with the same color and shape. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Men and women aged 18 to 50 years, with aphthous lesions (up to 48 hours from the formation of the lesion, with a size less than 10 mm and a diameter greater than 2 mm), lesions of the lips and buccal mucosa Exclusion: pregnancy or lactation, ulcers as a manifestation of a systemic disease, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, opioids, immunomodulatory agents, and analgesics Intervention groups: 3 pieces of mucosal adhesive will be glued daily (a total of 21), use for 30 minutes (without eating or drinking at the time of use) and removing then by patient Main outcome variables: pain; size of the lesion

Study aim: Determining the effectiveness of oral allicin tablets on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis Design: Controlled clinical trial, with parallel groups, unblinded, randomized, phase 3 on 60 patients. Randomization with random allocation software 2 Settings and conduct: Touba Dental Clinic, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Intervention method: In the intervention group (with oral allicin tablets) and control (placebo): 4 tablets (every 6 hours) daily (In addition to the examination on the day of referral), the patient must return on the third, seventh, and tenth days to assess the pain level with a visual analog scale, the size of the wound with a probe, and the length of the healing period. In this study, due to the garlic smell of the allicin-containing tablets, blinding will not be performed and the tablets will be provided to the patients after randomization. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Men and women aged 18 to 50 years; patients with aphthous lesions on the lips, buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth and tongue; maximum 48 hours have passed since the lesion formation. Exclusion criteria: Allergy to allicin; pregnancy or lactation; ulcer as a manifestation of a systemic disease such as Behçet's disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or acquired immunodeficiency; use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, narcotics, immunomodulating agents; systemic antibiotics use in the 2 weeks prior to study entry; the patient has a bleeding disorder Intervention groups: The intervention group will receive oral allicin tablets (400 mg, Dineh, Iran) containing 1100 micrograms of allicin, and the control group will receive placebo. The patient will take 4 allicin tablets (every 6 hours) (4.4 mg daily) for 10 days. Main outcome variables: Pain level; Ulcer size; Healing period

Study aim: Determining the effectiveness of ibuprofen-containing mucoadhesive on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis Design: Controlled clinical trial, with parallel groups, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 on 44 patients, Randomization with random allocation software 2 Settings and conduct: Touba Dental Clinic, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Intervention method in the intervention group (ibuprofen) and control (placebo): Use of mucusal adhesive 3 times a day for 30 minutes (without eating or drinking during use) (In addition to the examination on the day of visit), the patient must return on the third, fifth and seventh days to check the pain level with a visual analog scale, the size of the wound with a probe In this double-blind study (researcher, analyst and participant) for blinding, codes A (ibuprofen) and B (placebo) will be generated using software. Finally, the codes will be placed in a sealed envelope and the sample number will be written on the envelope. These envelopes, along with the adhesive mucus, will be in dark packaging with the same color and shape. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Men and women 18 to 50 years of age; having aphthous ulcers (within 48 hours of lesion formation, with a size smaller than 10 mm); aphthous lesions on the lips and buccal mucosa Exclusion: Pregnancy or lactation; ulcers as a manifestation of a systemic disease; taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, narcotics, immunomodulators, analgesics; people with diseases such as active gastrointestinal or cerebrovascular bleeding, uncontrolled heart failure, lupus, renal failure and liver failure or disease Intervention groups: In the intervention and placebo groups, the medication will be applied 3 times daily (the patient should refrain from eating and drinking for 30 minutes during use). Main outcome variables: Pain level; Ulcer size

Study aim: To investigate the effectiveness of extremely low frequencies (ELF) electromagnetic fields in the treatment of drug-resistant E. Coli-induced chronic bacterial cystitis. Design: Two-arm, parallel group, double blind randomized controlled clinical trial Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted in ID MEDICALS Moretti Roma, Italy Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Women, age 18 to 80 years, suffering from chronic E-coli indued drug-resistant cystitis will be recruited. Women with serious co-morbid conditions will be excluded. Intervention groups: Experimental group: Experimental group will receive electromagnetic fields, modulated at extremely low frequencies . For treatment, a sequence of signals (BSB) will be created. In order to emit the BSB sequence, a PEMF ion resonance generator, Seqex (SISTEMI SRL) mod MED (compliant with Directive 93/42/EEC and standard EN 60601-1 regarding safety and essential performance, CE Certificate issued by Notified Body CE0051), will be used. This can write signal sequences, store them on a card, and emit them, emitting sequences from 1 to 80 Hz, with 30 waveforms, and signal intensity from 1 to 100 µT at the source. A total of 8 applications will be performed, twice a week with a 48-72 hour interval between each session (i.e., Monday and Thursday). Control group: The control group will receive placebo. Placebo will be used by placing the applicators without emitting signals, thus patients will have no idea whether they are in the experimental group or control group. Main outcome variables: All participants will be tested for IL-6 and D-dimer (from a complete blood count), urine analysis (pH, specific gravity, urobilinogen, red blood cells, and leukocytes), and urine culture, detecting E. coli at levels greater than 100,000 CFU/ml.

osseodensification drilling (Charisma kit, Pakistan) and the contralateral side conventional drilling (DIO kit, South

Karachi, Pakistan population referred to physiotherapy clinic. Before and after 6 weeks interventions