Study aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the active release technique and post isometric relaxation technique on non-specific neck pain Design: parallel-group, double-blind, RCT Settings and conduct: participants, health care providers, data collectors, outcome assessors, and with lesser importance data safety and monitoring board and manuscript writers. outcome assessor is not taken blind, Data safety will be ensured. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: participants will be included: • Age range of 18 to 40 years • Both males and females • Trigger points • Presence of taut bands in skeletal muscles • Limitation of neck movement due to pain • A minimum of two hours a day of computer usage or persistent (bending posture) work routine • Minimum of four weeks of neck pain due to TrPs in the muscles. EXCLUSION CRITERIA • History of a whiplash injury, • Cervical spine surgery, • Cervical radiculopathy, as diagnosed by their primary care physicians • Cervical spine fracture • Malignancy • Infection • Inflammatory disorder Intervention groups: Group A: Active release technique Group B: Post isometric relaxation technique Main outcome variables: Pain and function

Study aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Dyspnea and Daily Living Activity in the Management of Asthmatic Patients. Design: Randomized, two parallel groups, single-blind, controlled trial with pre and post-assessment Settings and conduct: WAPDA Teaching Hospital Complex, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: The age group of 20 to 40 years; Diagnosed with asthma according to the Global Initiative for Asthma criteria; Moderate cases (FEV1=50–79); Well-controlled hypertension or diabetes mellitus if exist; At least 12 months asthma diagnosed by a physician. Exclusion criteria: Pregnancy; Rib Fracture; Risk Of Pneumothorax; Neuromuscular disease; Unstable cardiovascular disease; Musculoskeletal disease; Pneumonectomy; Red flags like fever, night sweats, malaise. Intervention groups: Intervention group: conventional asthmatic rehabilitation program along with inspiratory muscle training. Control group: conventional asthmatic rehabilitation program. Main outcome variables: Functional pulmonary assessment using measurement of exercise capacity; 5 Times Sit to Stand Test for dyspnea; London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale for daily life.

Study aim: The aim of this investigation is to determine the efficacy of coconut oil and moringa oleifera as antimicrobials in the oral cavity in comparison to chlorhexidine. Design: Randomized, parallel group, unblinded clinical trial. Settings and conduct: The participants will be recruited at the dental clinics at Riphah International University over a period of 4 weeks. Each participant will be required to sign a consent form before proceeding with the trial. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Individuals who maintain good oral health will be enrolled in the study. Those with periodontal disease, systemic illnesses or medications that affect periodontal health will be excluded. People with recent history of oral prophylaxis or antibiotic use will also be excluded. Intervention groups: The participants will be divided into 3 different groups, coconut oil (C), moringa oleifera (M) and chlorhexidine (Control). Each participant will be given a unique number. All 3 groups; with 30 participants each, will be sampled for plaque and gingival crevicular fluid from the lingual surface of lower incisors. The collected sample will be placed will be transported to the laboratory for detailed microbiologic analysis. Each group will be given a specially formulated mouthwash according to their allocation. These participants will be instructed to rinse will 15 mL mouthwash twice daily for 14 days. Reminder text messages will be sent twice daily to ensure compliance. Each participant will be sampled again following completion of 2 weeks. The pre-mouthwash microbial results will be compared with the post-mouthwash samples. Main outcome variables: The difference of the pre-mouthwash and post-mouthwash oral microbial species will be compared.

Study aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of posture correction and myofascial release on neck pain and disability among e-sports players. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial; a single blinded study Settings and conduct: E-Sports Gaming Arena, Single blinded study (assessors of the study would be kept blind of the treatment group to which the patient will be allocated) Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: 15-30 years, Males only, Moderate intensity neck pain, Neck disability affecting the upper limb functions in performing daily activities of life. Exclusion Criteria: History of any trauma or cervical fracture, History of any surgery within 3 months, History of any vascular or inflammatory disease, History of any neuropathies like neuropraxia, History of any psychiatric problems that would hinder the study. Intervention groups: Group A will get instrumental assisted myofascial soft tissue release in which cervical muscles of the participants will be treated using special instruments to release the tissue resistance. Group B will get postural correction program in which mirror therapy to correct body alignment, standing in correct posture and performing neck holding exercises, stretches of anterior chest muscles and shoulder flattening exercises. Both groups will get Patient education, cervical ROM exercises and neck isometrics (as described in detail in main section of Intervention groups) Main outcome variables: Pain Intensity, Neck disability

Study aim: The aim of the study is to describe the importance of core stability's association with efficient mobility of extremities needs to be included in Rotator Cuff tendinopathy rehabilitation, along with conventional measures. Design: Randomized controlled, single blinded clinical trial. The treatment have either superior, parallel effects to the control group. Single centered Settings and conduct: Water and Power Development Authority Teaching Hospital Complex, physical therapy department. Patients who fulfil the above mentioned criteria were identified by individual physiotherapist and then enrolled in particular study group. Informed written consent was taken by the patients and was randomly allocated by using the lottery method to two groups. The total number of sessions was 12 and duration of the treatment was 4 weeks. The study was single blinded. The assessor was unaware of the treatment given to both groups. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Diagnosed rotator cuff tendinopathy patients. Both genders were included. Age: 25-50 years. Exclusion Criteria: Any deformity of upper, lower extremity and spine. Any surgery of shoulder and spine. Tumor. Trauma and fracture. Cervical Radiculopathy. Intervention groups: Experimental group: therapeutic ultrasound (Frequency: 1.1MHz, Intensity: 1.5 W/cm2 ), stretching and strengthening exercise of cervical and shoulder and Core Stability exercises. Duration: 45-60 minutes, 3 times a week, 3 sets, 10-15 repetitions with 10 seconds hold. Control group: therapeutic ultrasound (Frequency: 1.1MHz, Intensity: 1.5 W/cm2 ), stretching and strengthening exercise of cervical and shoulder. Duration: 45-60 minutes, 3 times a week, 3 sets, 10-15 repetitions with 10 seconds hold. Main outcome variables: Visual analogue scale (VAS) Comparative pain scale chart. Shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) Range of motion

Study aim: To compare the effects of hand arm bimanual intensive therapy with and without action observation training on upper extremity motor functions in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Design: community based, Double blinded, Randomized control trial Settings and conduct: Trial will be conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Patients and assessor will be blinded through concealment of assignment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria:  Spastic hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy diagnosed by Neurophysician.  Aged 5-12 years  Male and female  Mini-mental state examination ≥24  Spasticity of grade ≤2 on Modified Ashworth scale  Gross motor functional classification scale (GMFCS) III-IV  Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) III- IV  Sufficient cooperation and cognitive understanding to participate in the activities.  No sensory impairments.  No history of seizures  Parents able to commit to an intensive therapy program. Exclusion criteria:  Children with visual impairments  Aphasic children  Uncontrolled seizures  Previous orthopedic surgery of upper limb.  Severe spasticity and contractures that requires orthotic management.  BoNT-A injection in the UL within 6 months prior to study entry. Intervention groups: HABIT will be given for total 60 hours, 3 hour a day (1 hour home practice), 5 times per week for 4 weeks. AOT will be carried out for 30 minutes each day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. The total number of training sessions was 20 per subject. Main outcome variables: Upper Extremity motor functions was assessed using Abilhand kids and Jebson taylor hand function Test.

Study aim: To determine the effectiveness of routine physical therapy with and without mirror therapy on phantom limb pain and psychosocial adjustment to amputation among prosthetic users. Design: Single Blinded, Parallel Groups, Randomized Controlled Trial Settings and conduct: setting was University of Lahore teaching hospital and study was single blinded Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Diagnosed patients with phantom limb pain having unilateral lower extremity limb traumatic amputation. • Age 18-45 years. • Both gender. • Base line score 3 or more on 0-10 NPRS. • Minimal one episode of phantom limb pain reported. • Participant have sufficient cognitive and communication skills. • Prosthetic user. Exclusion Criteria: • Any condition that restrict movement of opposite limb, pain or limited range of motion in intact limb. • Any diagnosed psychological disorder that could restrains the ability to concentrate during therapy. • Patients having residual limb pain. • Infectious and systematic diseases. • Patients having neuropathic pain other than phantom limb pain. • Severe mental disorder, neglect syndrome, visual spatial hemi neglect, confusion, dizziness. Intervention groups: Group-A received Mirror therapy in addition with Routine Physical therapy Group-B received Routine Physical Therapy only Main outcome variables: reduction of pain on NPRS scale and improvement on TAPES scale i.e. Psychosocial Adjustment, Prosthesis Satisfaction, Activity Restriction

Study aim: To find out effects of functional training vs conventional training on posture control and functional mobility in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy Design: Randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: Rehab cure Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Ages between 4 to 14 years. Children with gross motor functional classification system (GMFCS) level II or lll. Children with no mental retardation.The degree of spasticity according to Modified Ashworth Scale between grade 1 to 3 Exclusion Criteria: Children who had orthopedic surgery or used Botulinum toxin injection. Children with severe visual defect. Children having auditory problems. Children having vestibular issues. Children with severe understanding problems. Parents of children who didn't want to participate in study Intervention groups: Subjects will receive 8 weeks treatment 3 times a week. session will be of 45 mints to 1 hour. Group A will receive conventional training program consist on TENS, hot pack, ROMs, stretching, bridging , balance training, supine to sit exercise, diagonal pattern ex with resistance, lateral walk, step ups, gait training, sit to stand, stair climbing, single leg standing, weight shift, cat position Group B will receive functional training program consist on Gym ball exercises, ex with resistance bands, unilateral pelvic bridging, Bosu ball ex , trampoline jumping, resistance kneeling, Treadmill walk, squats, cycling, cat walk, back walk, stepper ex, stair climbing Main outcome variables: Pediatric Balance scale , Trunk control measurement scale, Five Times Sit to Stand Test, Timed Up and Go

Study aim: To compare the effects of Effects of TMJ exercises on pain, range of motion and functional disability in patient with non-specific neck pain. Design: Parallel group, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: OPD Physiotherapy department university of Lahore, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria:- age of 18-55 years old, and with primary complaints of NSNP (symptoms lasting for at least 3 months), one of the four signs of TMD (joint sounds, deviation during mouth opening, muscle pain at a minimum of two tender points in the temporalis or masseter muscles and pain during mouth opening), Both male and female patients, Exclusion Criteria:- acute muscle trauma, received physiotherapy during the previous 3 months, unilateral and bilateral upper extremity symptoms, any neurological disorders, Musculoskeletal systemic disease, serious spinal pathology. Intervention groups: All person who came to physiotherapy department OPD, university of Lahore was consider and assess for NSNP. 50 patients were randomly apportioned into 2 groups, 25 patients in each group. Gathering A patient were dealt with routine physiotherapy while Group B patients were treated with jaw activities and routine physiotherapy. Randomization of patients into groups were finished by mean of lottery strategy. Plan of the investigation was single blinded RCT. In which patients was kept blind. Furthermore, in this investigation patients were kept visor. Main outcome variables: • Pain, ROM, Functional Activity

Study aim: To Compare the Effects of Functional Training Program and Conventional Therapy on Postural Control and Functional Mobility in Chronic Stroke Design: A concealed Randomized blinded trial with parallel groups, 12 patients, enrolled between November 2019 to march 2020 and followed 6 months. Randomization was done using lottery method. Settings and conduct: Qureshi hospital sahiwal Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Confirmed infarct or hemorrhage by a neurologist using either MRI or CT scan; Patient who was able to follow verbal or demonstrated instruction & direction; Both genders; Patient who was not able to walk independently; Aged 30 – 65 years; Patient after 6 months of stroke. Exclusion criteria: Unstable Cardiovascular conditions, any lower limb musckuloskeletal condition or neurological condition other than stroke that influence posture. 3. Patients with communication barrier and cognitive impairment. 4. Any diagnosed psychological problem. 5. Unable to keep any(Sitting or Standing) position for 30 Second Intervention groups: Group a: functional training program therapy is applied for postural control and functional mobility for 8 week 3 times per week for 60 min in a day. Group b :conventional treatment (PROM AAROM AROM) applied for 8 weeks 3 times per week for 60 min in a day. Main outcome variables: berg balance scale , time up and go test, 6 min walk test , trunk control measurement scale

Study aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of balance training exercises for improving static and dynamic balance on the deaf population Design: double blinding, randomized control trial with parallel group design of 30 patients Settings and conduct: The participants will be chosen from Special education school, Milat town Faisalabad. Double blinding in which participants and assessor both will be blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Congenitally Deaf children, Aged between 6 and 11 years, With profound hearing impairment, Without cochlear implantation, Ability to understand simple instructions, Ability to stand and walk independently. exclusion criteria: Mental illness, Visual impairment, Cognitive impairment, Physical impairment, Neurological condition, Cardiovascular conditions Intervention groups: The subjects will be divided into two groups randomly by chit and draw method: control group and training group. Group A will be training group (n=15) followed the balance training exercises for 4 weeks and group B will be control group (n=15) carried out its daily activities normally as usual. Main outcome variables: our primary outcome will be to maintain the balance of subjects as much as they can do by performing exercises.

Study aim: To compare the effects of McKenzie Extension Exercises versus Mulligan Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glides on Pain, Range of motion and Functional Disability in patients with Acute Non-Specific Low Back Pain Design: Parallel group, double blinded, randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: The study would be double blinded as participants and assessors of the study would be kept blind of the treatment group and will be done at Physiotherapy Department Gosh-e-Shifa Hospital Gulshan Ravi, Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: inclusion criteria: A patient with history of acute non specific Low Back Pain, Patients of both Gender, Age range 20-50 Years and only Married people will include in study. Exclusion criteria: Any neurological symptoms, Any pathology of spine like Spondylosis, Spondylolisthesis, Patients with other comorbidity such as systemic disorders, Patients with sociopsychatric disorders and Pregnancy. Intervention groups: Randomly, treatment will be assigned to patients in this study In Group 1 participants will receive routine physical therapy (10 minutes hot pack, 5 minutes TENS, 5 minutes soft tissue massage) along with McKenzie Extension Exercises in prone position with repeated movements. Patient will have 5 repetitions of every set of exercise with 20 seconds of pause in per session. In group 2 participants will receive same routine physical therapy along with Mulligan’s SNAGs in sitting and prone position by applying antereo cranial glide in the direction of treatment plane over the spinous process at 8 repetitions per session. Main outcome variables: pain, range and functional disability

Study aim: To determine the effects of Active Release Technique and Active Isolated Stretching on the muscles of upper cross syndrome Design: two groups,single blinded randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: SETTING The study will be conducted in Max rehab and other physiotherapy clinic Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria • Patients from both genders • patients of age 20 to 40 . • patients with a score of 4 or more on numerical pain rating scale (NPRS). • Cranio-vertebral angle measured less than or equal to 50 degree. Exclusion Criteria Patients were excluded if they exhibited; • any inflammatory arthritis including Rheumatoid arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, • cervical spine surgery, • cervical spine trauma, • cervical spine instability Intervention groups: Group A: active release technique Group B: active Isolated Stretching Main outcome variables: Muscle length measurement, Forward head posture, Function, Range of Motion

Study aim: To asses whether Amplitude, velocity and latency period of Proximal part of Medial Branch of Superficial Radial Nerve can be utilized clinically for diagnosis of cheiralgia paresthetica or not? Design: Parallel group, double blind, randomised controlled trial Settings and conduct: Out patient department (OPD) of PM&R Deparment of Combined Military Hospital Multan. Patients, Investigators, data entry staff, analyzers and statistician were blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Intervention Group: All individuals with symptoms of peripheral neuropathy of superficial radial nerve. Control Group: All individuals without symptoms of peripheral neuropathy of superficial radial nerve. Exclusion criteria All individuals with history of stroke, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, brachial plexus plexopathy, cervical radiculopathy, spinal cord injury. Intervention groups: Nerve conduction study (NCS) of proximal part of medial branch of superficial radial nerve of intervention and control group and calculating: 1. Amplitude of Sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) 2. Latency of Nerve Action Potential 3. Velocity of Nerve Action Potential Main outcome variables: Amplitude, Velocity and Latency period of Sensory Nerve Action Potential (SNAP)

Study aim: To compare the effects of Cyriax Manual Therapy versus Mulligan Technique on Clinical and Functional Outcomes in patient with Lateral Epicondylitis. Design: Parallel group, double blinded, randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: The study would be double blinded as the participant and assessors of the study would be kept blind of the treatment group to which the patient will be allocated. The data will be collected from Physiotherapy Department, Gosha E Shifa Hospital, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: A Diagnosed Male and Female cases referred from Gosha E Shifa Hospital having age of 20 to 50 year are included in this study. Exclusion Criteria: the patient having any surgery or trauma of Elbow, Steroid injection for lateral epicondylitis, any Skin hypersensitivity or any Congenital deformity, Any Infection like Osteomyelitis, Ulcers, open wound or pathology of Shoulder Joint will be excluded. Intervention groups: Group A participant will receive routine physical therapy as 10 minute TENS, 10 minute strengthening exercise of Extensor carpi longus,, 10 minute deep Friction Massage and Mill’s manipulation. Group B will receive Movement with Mobilization will applied on elbow in supine position, shoulder positioned as internal rotation, forearm pronation and elbow extension with 10 repetitions for 6 seconds with 15 seconds duration of rest, with routine physical therapy as 10 minute TENS, 10 minute strengthening exercise of Extensor carpi longus. Main outcome variables: pain intensity, hand grip and functional activity

Study aim: To compare the effect of Mulligan’s mobilization with movement and Muscle energy technique to decrease pain, disability and increase ROM in patients of adhesive capsulitis. Design: Parallel group, single blinded, randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: OPD Physiotherapy department Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria  Subject having stage 2 of frozen shoulder  Age group 30-70years  Subject with bilateral/unilateral adhesive capsulitis  Both males and females  Subject who willing to participate Exclusion Criteria:  Malignancy  Patients was excluded if they exhibited  Subjects with Neuromuscular disorders  Conditions that contraindicated to manual therapy.  Any participant who was unable to return for follow up treatment or evaluation.  Any participant who received treatment concurrent to the research. Intervention groups: All the participant who came to physiotherapy department was considered and screened for adhesive capsulitis stage 2 with having a restriction of movements. 70 patients were allotted in two groups i.e.; group A(MWM) and group B(MET) via lottery method, 35 in each group. Consider the inclusion and exclusion criteria before concerning them in study. Both groups were received the conventional therapy, which was remain same throughout the study. Patient in A group was treated with Mulligan’s mobilization and in B group with muscle energy technique. Dosage:- Totally, 6 repetitions of the technique were performed during a single treatment session. The period between each repetition was no longer than 60s.  Duration: - Three session/week (alternative days) and treatment last for 3 weeks. Main outcome variables: • assessing the intensity of pain via using Numeric pain scale • range of motion was measure by Goniometer • and functional disability was measured by SPADI tool

Study aim: Study aims is to highlight the effectiveness of Neuromuscular re-education (NMR) and Postural training as potential treatment for symptoms related to overuse of mobile phones. Design: Design: Randomized, superiority, parallel group trial with blinded outcome assessment. sample size 30, single center. Settings and conduct: SETTING: Study was conducted at Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Participants: Thirty student participants Inclusion criteria: •Mild to moderate symptoms on Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score. •Excessive use of smart phone device up to more than 3 hours daily. •Complains of pains and muscular fatigue mostly in upper extremity. •Have headache complain during prolong neck bending. Exclusion criteria: •History of traumatic injuries. •Surgical interventions of the neck or upper limbs. •Medical conditions (Diabetic neuropathy, sensory deficits). •Chronic diseases such as rheumatoid Arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other connective tissue disorders. Intervention groups: •For experimental group the regimen (Neuromuscular re-education & postural training) was of 30 mins, 3 days / week for 4 weeks. •For placebo group the regimen (hot packs only) was of 10 mins, 3 days/ week for 4 weeks. Main outcome variables: 1) Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score 2) Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scale 3) Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) scale 0-5

Study aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy L. Plantarum 299v against in local population suffering from IBS with improved study design and larger sample size. Design: This was a double blind placebo-controlled study, conducted for six (6) months Randomization was started by lottery method and then patients were alternatively allotted to either of the two groups. All the patients received probiotics (L. Plantarum 299v) or placebo for four (4) weeks and had three follow up visits after the baseline investigation. The baseline and the first follow up after two weeks were carried out. Settings and conduct: The patients were recruited through the outpatient clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of the Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: All the adult patients of either gender fulfilling the Rome III criteria for IBS, willing to participate and committed for follow up throughout the study period were enrolled in the study. The patients having history of major abdominal surgery, organic intestinal disease or chronic infectious disease like HIV or tuberculosis were excluded from the study. The pregnant and the female breastfeeding their babies or anyone with current use of antibiotics were also not included in the study population. Intervention groups: The study drug containing 5x1010 cfu of L.Plantarum 299v and the placebo containing micro-crystalline cellulose powder, both were packed in the similar packing by the manufacturers (Genetex Pharma PVT Limited). The study drug was labeled A and the placebo as B. Both groups were treated with therir respective medicine/placebo. It was disclosed at the end of the study. Main outcome variables: This randomized trail failed to show any significant improvement in the IBS symptoms by the use of L. Plantarum as compared to placebo.

Study aim: To compare the effectiveness subtalar mobilization with mulligan technique on pain and functional limitations versus conventional physiotherapy in patients with Planter Fasciitis Design: Two arm parallel group randomised trial with blinded postoperative care and outcome assessment Settings and conduct: The data was collected from Prime Care Hospital, Faisalabad. The patients were divided into two groups by using card allocation method. In group-A patients were treated with subtalar mobilization with Mulligan Technique and in group-B patients were treated with Convention physiotherapy treatment that were include a session of therapeutic Ultrasound for 10 minutes. Patients in both the groups received rigid tapping as standard treatment. Each Patient receives two treatment sessions per week with maximum eight treatment sessions over the period of 3 weeks. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Enclusion Criteria Age 30–60 years. Patients of both Genders Main presenting complaint of Heel & Foot pain Limitation of Range of Motion at ankle joint due to heel pain Pain allocated at the bottom of heel and produced by pressure Pain in the morning at first steps or after prolonged non-weight bearing Exclusion criteria History of trauma, acute and chronic pathology Patients with any Systemic Illness (e.g. Rheumatism)• Fracture below knee during the last year Prior foot surgeries Intervention groups: n group-A patients were treated with subtalar mobilization with Mulligan Technique and rigid tapping as standard treatment. Each Patient receives two treatment sessions per week with maximum 6 treatment sessions over the period of 3 weeks. Main outcome variables: Outcomes were measured by Visual Analogue Scale and Foot & Ankle Disability Index at baseline, after 1st and 2nd week and at the end of the treatment.

Study aim: To determine the effectiveness of routine physical therapy with and without motor relearning program on balance and upright mobility in subacute stroke patients. Design: Single blinded Randomized controlled clinical trial Settings and conduct: Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: sub-acute stroke patients diagnosed by neuro physician; Age between 20-50 years; Both male and female; The first time stroke; being able to follow simple instructions; being able to rise from a chair without or with assistive devices. Non-inclusion criteria: having other neurological disorders; suffering from moderate to severe spasticity; having a musculoskeletal disorder of lower limbs; Presence of an unstable medical condition such as severe hypertension, convulsion and complete sensory loss of an upper limb. Intervention groups: Intervention group: receiving routine physical therapy along with motor relearning training in sit to stand component. Sit to stand training consists of 100 repetition (10 sets of 10 repetition each), 5 days a week for four weeks. Control group: will receive the routine physical therapy treatment that will include stretching exercises, strengthening the lower and upper extremities balance training, and gait training 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Main outcome variables: Berg Balance Scale; Time Up & Go Test

Study aim: To compare the effect of routine physical therapy with routine physical therapy and low intensity pulsed ultrasound on clinical and radiological outcomes in patients with early stage lumbar spondylolysis. Design: A concealed, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial with a parallel group design of 34 patients, enrolled between May 2020 and November 2020, and followed for one year Settings and conduct: The list of diagnosed cases will be obtained from the department of orthopedics, patients will be randomly selected and will be approached by principal investigator after informed consent taken and their approval and ethical approval they will be included in the study. The principal investigator will be known to the type of treatment but the assessor here will be kept blinded by labeling treatment A and treatment B to either group. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age: 20-40 years, Both Gender, Married living with their spouse as Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire is consisted of a part based on sexual activity, Diagnosed cases of early stage spondylolysis on x-ray and Symptomatic low-back pain since more than 4 weeks. Exclusion Criteria: History of neurological or autonomic deficits, History of other fracture or bony abnormalities, History of rheumatic disease, History of other spinal problems, History of post-menopausal female, History of osteoporosis, History of osteopenia Intervention groups: Group A: will receive the routine physical therapy alone. Group B: will receive the routine physical therapy and low intensity pulsed ultrasound. Main outcome variables: Pain, Quality of Life, Muscle Strength, Functional Disability and X-ray findings

Study aim: To find the effects of muscle energy technique and static stretching of piriformis and iliopsoas in reducing pain and improvement in pain free sitting in patients with coccydynia. Design: Two parallel group , single blinded, randomized clinical trial with pre and post assessment Settings and conduct: Al-Khumeinie Trust hospital, lahore, Investigator will be blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria • Age group of 18 to 40 years • Pain on palpation at coccyx region. • Unable to sit pain free. Exclusion criteria • Pregnancy • History of recent trauma/fall or fracture • Vaginitis, cystitis, salpinities. Urinary tract infections, • Red flags like: fever, night sweats, malaise etc. • Rectal abscess • Patients with cysts or tumor in lumber area and pelvic • Previous surgical interventions involving lumbar spine and pelvic region Intervention groups: Muscle energy technique of (METs) of Piriformis and iliopsoas. Static stretching of Piriformis and iliopsoas. Main outcome variables: Pain by NPRS Daily and work-leisure activities, anxiety-depression, and social interest of the patients' lives by Dallas Pain Questionnaire (DPQ)

Study aim: The aim of this prospective observational study is to evaluate the effect of Dapagliflozin oral tablets in reduction HbA1C and body weight after 6 months in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Design: Single arm, Open Label, Post Marketing Interventional Trial Settings and conduct: Medicine Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. and Diabetes department of Laiq Rafique Foundation, Multan. Patients meeting the eligibility criteria will be included after written informed consent. The decision to start treatment will be made by the Investigators as per clinical practice. Planned no. of patients for this specific study is n=400. Patients will be prescribed Dapagliflozin as per physician discretion. Planned study duration is 24 weeks for a single patient. Through HbA1C, body weight determination patients’ response to therapy would be gauged. Patients' follow-up visits would be at Week 02, 04, 12 & 24. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Male & Female (Non-pregnant) Patients ≥ 18 years of age with type II Diabetes Mellitus. • Type II diabetes mellitus patients having controlled diabetes HbA1C 7-10 % or uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1C 10-12%). • Patients having BMI of > 25 kg/m2. • Not Hypersensitive to Dapagliflozin or any of ingredients. Exclusion criteria: • Male & Female Type I Diabetes patients. • Patients having complaints of urinary tract infections, genital infections • Patients with e GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². • Pregnant Females. • Patients with end stage renal disease, or going through dialysis. • Suspected Ketoacidosis patients. Intervention groups: Intervention group: Dapagliflozin 5 or 10 mg as Per Investigator Discretion Main outcome variables: 1. Reduction in HbA1c from baseline observed at week 12 and 24 after initiation of therapy. 2. Reduction in Body weight from baseline observed at week 2, 4, 12 & 24 after initiation of therapy.

Study aim: • To identify the Effect of Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide With And Without Neurodynamics In The Management Of Patient With Cervical Radiculopathy. Design: Interventional study Randomized Clinical Trial Non propability convience sampling techenique Settings and conduct: Sample size will be 44 individuals (22 each group) Conducted in time duration of 6 months Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria 1. Patients having Age 22-40 years 2. Both genders 3. Patient availability and cooperation during treatment 4. Patients with positive result of following tests:Spurling test,ULNT-1,neck distraction and ipsilateral cervical rotation test. Exclusion Criteria 1. Patients having negative one of the following tests:Spurling test,ULNT-1,neck distraction and ipsilateral cervical rotation test. 2. Patients with accessory Systemic Musculoskeletal Dysfunction 3. Patients having symptoms of Vertebral Artery Insufficiency. 4. Patients not willing to participate or to follow up treatment plan. Intervention groups: There will be two groups of equal number of individuals diagnosed with cervical radiculopathy after confirmation of Manual tests. Group A Control group will receive Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide only. Patients in this group will receive a baseline treatment that is heating pad for 15 minutes before the treatment. Group B. This group will receive Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide along with Neurodynamics. Patients in this group will receive a baseline treatment that is heating pad for 15 minutes before the treatment. Main outcome variables: Correcting Cervical Radiculopathy

Study aim: To compare of the effectiveness of standard therapy with and without vitamin D supplementation in patients of Liver Cirrhosis. Design: Randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: OPD of Gastroenterology department, Mayo hospital Lahore. Participants were blinded by using identical ampules, non-revealing labeling and method of injection. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: The study will include seventy-two male and female cirrhotic patients aged 30 to 60 years who will provide informed consent and will be receiving standard therapy. Patients with metastatic liver tumors, those unable to understand local languages, non-cooperative individuals, and critically ill cases — including those admitted to the ICU, on mechanical ventilation, in a coma, or with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score below 10 — will be excluded from the study. Additionally, patients who have received vitamin D treatment within the two months prior to recruitment will also be excluded. Intervention groups: Patients will be randomly supplemented with monthly single intramuscular dose of 200,000 IU cholecalciferol /vitamin D3 for 6 months (Vitamin D Group), and the second arm will receive a monthly single intramuscular dose of the placebo (ampule containing 1ml of normal saline 0.9%, that will be obtained from our colleagues in pharmacology department, for 6 months (Placebo Group) Main outcome variables: The Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ) will be used to measure changes in quality of life. The raw scores of the participants will be transformed into scale scores, and for all scales, higher scores will indicate better functioning or QOL.