and outcome assessor blinding. Study will be conducted in Mayo Hospital Lahore, Pakistan Participants

Study aim: To check the effects of virtual rehabilitation versus therapeutic exercises in improving the balance of the lower limb of post-stroke patients. Design: Randomized Control Trial Settings and conduct: Physiotherapy Department of Abdullah Hospital Lalamusa Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Age: 35 – 55 years. • Potential participants with 3 months post-stroke lower limb movement difficulties. • Ability to stand up with or without assistive devices • Patients with stable vital signs Exclusion Criteria: • Subjects with severe hypertension. • Lower limb amputation. • Patients with a history of Deep venous thrombosis or Pulmonary embolism. • Auditory or visual dysfunction. • If the patient has severe receptive or expressive aphasia that affects the ability to communicate with or give consent. • Significant cognitive impairment such as the ability to follow two-level commands. Intervention groups: Experimental group played video games using X-box and Kinect connected to the laptop. This group performed training for 35-40 minutes, 3 days/week for a total of 6 weeks times duration. The repetitions will increase according to the performance of the patient. Games were started from the basic level and the level was increased according to the patient’s performance. The training was done under the supervision of a trained physiotherapist to avoid any hazards. Main outcome variables: Balance

Study aim: To see the effectiveness of Mulligan mobilization with movement and corrective exercises and corrective exercises alone in scapular dyskinesia to evaluate level of disability of the affected limb after scapular winging. Design: Pragmatic, parallel-group, single-blind, randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: The trial is conducted in Allied, District headquarters, and Aziz Fatima hospitals, Faisalabad. Subjects are chosen according to inclusion criteria. Subjects are blinded as they don't know their treatment protocol and group. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Both male and female; aged 30-50 years; Patients diagnosed with distal radius fracture; Patients treated with closed reduction and plaster cast immobilization; Patients having distal radius fracture at least six weeks ago, after removal of the cast; Patients with scapular dyskinesis measured using lateral scapular slide test; Side to side difference of more than 1.5 cm considered significant. Exclusion criteria: Patients having complications after removal of the cast (e.g., compartment syndrome, Complex regional pain syndrome 1, carpal tunnel syndrome, wrist drop, neural or vascular issues, etc.); Patient having any shoulder pathology before fracture and after removal of the cast (e.g., shoulder pain, frozen shoulder, impingement syndrome, shoulder instability, bursitis, fracture, etc.); Patient having any radiculopathy or radiculitis; Patients having any neck problem (e.g., neck muscles spasm, wry neck, torticollis, etc.); Patient having any spine deformity (e.g., kyphosis, scoliosis, etc.). Intervention groups: Intervention group: Mulligan Mobilization with Movement for positional faults. Maintain the glide and 8-10 reps of arm elevation were performed in 1 set. Control group: corrective exercise. Main outcome variables: Distance of scapula from the spine.

- Physiotherapy Department Syed Medical Complex, Sialkot Pakistan. 2- Physiotherapy Department Sialkot College of Physical Therapy, Amin Welfare & Teaching Hospital, Sialkot Pakistan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion

Study aim: The aim of this study is to check the effectiveness of finger movement exercises on hand grip strength and hand function among elderly individuals. Design: A randomized, double blinded clinical trial having parallel group design of 24 patients. Settings and conduct: Subjects of study from • Old Shelter Home Faisalabad. • Faisal Islam Foundation (old citizen), Faisalabad. • Fatima foundation, Faisalabad will be considered. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria Individuals who will be willing to participate by signing consent form, Male and female age ≥ 65 years, Conscious and able to communicate, No defect in upper extremity and able to give us measurement of hand grip strength, No disease that cause restriction to individual to perform exercise, Ability to remain in sitting position Exclusion criteria Severe impairment in cognitive function, Severe arthritis, Fracture and nerve injury in upper extremity, Any chronic illness, Systemic disease including diabetes and hypertension Intervention groups: Group A will receive resistance exercise with hand gripper as a baseline treatment and Group B will receive Finger movement exercises in addition to baseline treatment of resistance exercise. Main outcome variables: Primary outcome will be Hand grip strength and secondary outcome will be Hand function

Study aim: To determine the effects of Maitland mobilization and Mulligan medial/lateral glide on pain intensity, knee ROM and functional performance in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Design: Two groups, parallel group, double blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. Settings and conduct: Riphah College of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences The way forward day care centre, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION CRITERIA: Old adults ( age above 60 years) Male and female Patients who met the American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria for knee osteoarthritis Radiological evidence of knee OA grades 0 , 1 and 2 as per Kellgren Lawrence grading system Pain intensity of at least 3 on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Willing to participate in research project EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Infection or inflammatory disorder History of surgery or trauma on knee Malignancy Systemic illness Rheumatoid Arthritis Fracture, any situation which is contraindicate mobilization Osteoporosis Current use of any medication or physiotherapy treatment Cognitive impairments Intervention groups: Group A: Maitland mobilization with conventional physical therapy Group B: medial/lateral mulligan mobilization with conventional physical therapy Main outcome variables: Pain, Range of motion (ROM), Functional disability NPRS, Goniometer, Modified Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index ( WOMAC scale)

Study aim: To find the longitudinal effects of myofascial release with and without 8-Week Corrective exercise in correcting Upper Cross Syndrome. Design: This study will be Randomized Controlled trial. Settings and conduct: Shapes, Maxrehab, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION Subjects between 18-28 years old male/female Rounded shoulder angle >52° Forward head posture/ Cranio-vertebral angle ≤ 50° EXCLUSION Patients will be excluded if they will exhibit; History of a shoulder surgery within the previous year. Joint diseases in the spine and shoulder. Not participating in two consecutive training sessions. Any red flags (tumor, fracture, metabolic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, resting blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm hg, prolonged history of steroids use, etc.) Having lower crossed syndrome. Having various upper extremity and /or problems (fracture history, tumor) cognitive problems. Intervention groups: GROUP A (Myofascial Release) For MFR therapy, the “cross-hand release” technique will be used. Collagen bands need about 90-120 sec to be released, at least 90 sec will be required for cross-hand release. Accordingly, MFR therapy will be applied twice each time for 90 seconds on the determined areas. With seven minutes of hot pack at upper back and anterior chest and patient education about faulty posture as baseline treatment. GROUP – B (myofascial release with 8-Week corrective exercise) Group B will perform corrective exercises plus MFR therapy for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week and each session for 60 min) under the direct supervision of the therapist. For CE+MFR group, training protocol included four parts of warming up, MFR therapy, main exercises, and cooling down and baseline treatment. Main outcome variables: Functional performance: Neck disability index (NDI) Pain: Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) Angle through Photogrammetry method

Settings and conduct: Kanaan Physiotherapy & Spine clinic, Shadman, Lahore, Pakistan Participants

generator. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted at Pakistan rugby union, Pakistan rugby

. City:faisalabad, Pakistan;study population:patients will be school teachers. Experience more than 2 years who

Study aim: This study plan outlines the detailed methodology for conducting a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and usability of a nitroglycerin 6% aloe vera gel for the treatment of angina. Design: Pragmatic, community based, parallel group, double blinded, randomized controlled trial. Total 144 patients will be enrolled. Patients who met our inclusion criteria will be randomized into two groups. Settings and conduct: • CPEIC Multan, a tertiary care hospital specializing in cardiac care. • Muhammad Rehabilitation Centre, Multan Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Patient at least 25-60-year-old. • Patient with suspected s angina pectoris who undergo coronary angiography • Chest pain • Symptoms of chest pain • Breast feeding mothers • Intestinal angina • Hypertensive patient • Abdominal infarction • Pregnant female Exclusion criteria: • severe myocardial infarction • Cardiogenic shock • Severe heart faliure • Hypersensitive to medicine • Severe hypotension • Cardiac temponade Intervention groups: Participants will be assigned to two groups. Group 1 will be given 6% nitroglycerin aloe vera gel and group 2 will be given sublingual nitroglycerine Main outcome variables: Primary Outcome: Reduction in pain, reduction in the frequency and severity of angina episodes, as measured by patient diaries and angina-specific questionnaires (e.g., the Seattle Angina Questionnaire ) AND ECG: ST-Segment Changes Reduction in ischemic changes on ECG. Secondary outcome: Changes in breathing pattern, reduction in shortness of breath

Study aim: To compare effects of Wobble board and CrossFit training on dynamic balance and chronic ankle instability in athletes Design: A Randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: Pakistan Sports Board (PSB). Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: participants: 34 INCLUSION CRITERIA

Study aim: In this study, we aim to measure the efficacy of oral itraconazole with sertaconazole cream versus oral itraconazole with clotrimazole cream in dermatophytosis Design: A randomized controlled trial with two parallel intervention groups; double-blind; phase 3; on 118 patients. Settings and conduct: Dermatology Department, PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patients of both, male and female genders, in age group 12-75 years with clinical manifestations of cutaneous dermatophyte infections (tinea corporis/tinea cruris/tinea faciei) and confirmation done with skin scraping positive for potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount. Exclusion criteria: Patients with age less than 12 years and greater than 75 years. Hyperlipidemia Abnormal liver function tests Pregnant and breast feeding females. solitary lesion which is less than 3 cm in diameter hypersensitivity to antifungals if patients are on any systemic medications known to have interactions with itraconazole superadded bacterial infections patients on immunosuppressive drugs patients who are known case of liver or renal disease Tinea capitis and onychomycosis Intervention groups: In Group A the patients were treated with oral itraconazole 100mg twice daily with topical sertaconazole cream. In Group B, the patients were treated with oral itraconazole 100mg twice daily with topical clotrimazole cream. Treatment given for four weeks or less in patients in which complete response is achieved. Main outcome variables: Treatment of Dermatophyte infections based on clinical response and microscopic findings using KOH solution.

Study aim: To compare the effects of myofascial release and ergon technique on foot function and balance in patients with planter fasciitis. Design: It was a concealed, randomized, single blinded, sham controlled clinical trial with a parallel group design of 18 patients. Settings and conduct: Study was conducted at Layyah city hospital of govt college university Faisalabad Layyah campus. The study population was consisted of patients with upper cross syndrome. The study was single blinded. The participants didn't know while they were receiving experimental or conventional treatment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Age 30-50 years, both Gender, positive Windlass test, pain in the morning when taking the first steps or after prolonged rest, having unilateral resistant heel pain Exclusion criteria: Individuals with a history of trauma, any systemic illness, like rheumatism, arthritis, fracture below the knee during the preceding year, prior foot surgery, positive diagnosis of fat pad syndrome or tarsal tunnel syndrome were excluded Intervention groups: Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups (Group A: MRT group, Group B: ergon technique group). The participants randomly allocated in Group A will be received myofascial release technique. Participants will execute this training after 15 minutes of ultrasound. This approach requires three sessions per week for six weeks. Group B participants will have received treatment includes ultrasound for 15 min and ergon technique. Main outcome variables: Foot function (Foot Function Index), Balance (Berg Balance scale)

Study aim: To compare the Therapeutic Effects of Neurodynamic and Active Release Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Design: It was a concealed, randomized, single blinded, sham controlled clinical trial with a parallel group design of 12 patients. Settings and conduct: Study was conducted at Layyah city hospital of govt college university Faisalabad Layyah campus. The study population was consisted of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The study was single blinded. The participants didn't know while they were receiving experimental or conventional treatment Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age is between 25-50 years, both gender, complaints of pain, numbness or tingling in the first three digits, positive Phalen’s Sign and unilateral Compression of Nerve Exclusion Criteria: History of Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery, Patients with median nerve involvement in proximal areas such as thoracic outlet syndrome, cervical radiculopathy, Steroid injection in the carpal tunnel, thenar muscle atrophy, metabolic diseases such as diabetes, severe thyroid disorders, anemia and pregnancy Intervention groups: Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups (Group A: Neurodynamic group, Group B active release technique group). The participants randomly allocated in Group A will be received neural mobilizations. Participants will execute this training after 10 minutes of infrared. This approach requires three sessions per week for eight weeks. Group B participants will have received treatment includes infrared for 10 min and active release technique. Main outcome variables: Disabilities of upper extremity (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire), Severity (Symptom Severity Scale)

Study aim: To determine the effects of facial neuromuscular retraining, with and without neural mobilization on facial symmetry and disability in patients with Bell's Palsy. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial, Single-blinded study design,the sample size will be 44 participants Settings and conduct: Trail will be conducted at General Hospital, Lahore Upon randomization, participants will be briefed on their respective therapy programs. The researcher responsible for outcome assessments will remain unaware of the group allocation throughout the study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Unilateral loss of facial weakness. House Brackman grades 3 and 4 Acute onset 1-3 weeks. No history of earlier Bell's palsy or diabetes(6) Exclusion Criteria: Stroke associated with Bell's palsy Pregnancy Any fracture, or tumor Facial surgery Skin allergy on the face Facial nerve palsy Intervention groups: Group A: will receive Facial Neuromuscular Retraining with Neural Mobilization and conventional treatment (Experimental group) Group B: will receive Facial Neuromuscular Retraining with conventional treatment (Controlled group) Main outcome variables: Facial symmetry Disability

Study objective: To evaluate the estimated dose and to determine the effective dose of bivalent snake antivenom immunoglobulins (IgG) in snake bite patients. The main inclusion criteria includes: envenoming by Saw Scaled Viper and Russell’s viper (Daboia Russelii); age above 18 years; 20WBCT shows incoagulable blood; with no (anaphylactic) reaction within 10-30 minutes after initial test dose of investigational product (test ASV); Patient or his/her legally acceptable representative able to understand the informed consent and enter into the study with their free will. The main exclusion criteria includes: patient refusal to take newly produced ASV as the core remedy; chronic or complicating medical conditions, any neuropathy, renal impairment, liver diseases, diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and any CV disease; hypersensitivity to horse (equine) or sheep (ovine) serum in the past and a strong history of atopic diseases (especially severe asthma). Study Population & Sample Size: Total twelve (12) Local Pakistani victims of viper snake’s bite will participate; six (6) of each specie; Echis carinatus sochureki & Daboia russelii. Intervention: Intravenous administration of Bivalent snake antivenom immunoglobulins (IgG) effective against Echis carniatus and Daboia russelli envenoming found in Sindh. Initial dose: 3 vials (30ml) for Daboia russelii and 1 vial (10ml) for Echis carinatus. Outcome Measures: The dose at which maximum patients are treated (permanent restoration of blood coagulability tested by 20WBCT at 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after dosing) with minimum toxicity. The secondary outcome includes the Incidences of anaphylactic like reactions, pyrogenic reaction and late serum sickness-type reactions

Study aim: Pain and functional outcome in knee Osteoarthritis Design: Randomization will be through lottery method, single blinded study will be conducted in which only patient would be blinded Settings and conduct: District headquarter Hospital Jhang Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Grade 1-3 on X-Ray according to kellgren-Lawrence classification of Osteoarthritis, crepitus with knee movement, 90-90 test positive, moderate pain on Numeric pain rating scale for both knees, functional disability between 32-64 on Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire. Exclusion: Neurological condition, Peripheral Vascular disease, recent sutures or fracture of lower limb, hypersensitive skin, patient receiving treatment at time of baseline assessment Intervention groups: Two groups, Group A muscle energy technique and group B Graston technique Main outcome variables: Numeric pain rating scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale

Study aim: patellofemoral pain syndrome Design: randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: district headquarter hospital Jhang and Iqbal memorial hospital Jhang Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • 18-40 years adults having PFP for more than three months • PFP bring forth during clinical examination (patellar grind test, apprehension test) • PFP in at least two functional activities (sitting for long time, stairs climbing, running, squatting, kneeling and jumping) • Both male & female • Patients with moderate pain ranging from 3 to 7 Exclusion criteria: • Any lower limb surgery in past 6 months • History of dislocation or subluxation of patella in past 6 months • Allergy from taping • Chronic illness that may limit training • Knee osteoarthritis (patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joint) • Chondromalacia patellae • Pes anserine bursitis Intervention groups: two groups(group A & group B): both groups get 12 session with alternate days in 4 weeks. Main outcome variables: visual analogue scale and Anterior Knee Pain Scale

Study aim: To check the dry needling effect to release the muscular trigger point treatment Design: One-Group Posttest Only Design of Quasi Experimental study. Settings and conduct: A total of 30 patient’s age between 20-45 years visiting the physical therapy department of Hospitals and Clinics of Rawalpindi and Islamabad Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Male with age between 20 to 45 years. Subjects having Anterior knee pain. Subjects with myofasical trigger points in quadriceps muscle. Exclusion: Patients taking anticoagulant medications Patients with meniscal tears, patellar tendinopathy, Ligamentous Injury. Patients with knee osteoarthritis. Patients with lumbosacral nerve root or peripheral nerve involvement. Patients having a history of prior knee surgery. Patients who had received acupuncture, Dry needling or Injection for knee pain during the past 6 Months Intervention groups: After taking informed consent from patient and wearing gloves and appropriate personal protective measures, a thin filiform needle will be inserted which will penetrate into the skin and stimulate underlying myofascial trigger points. Main outcome variables: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of trigger point dry needling of quadriceps muscle in reducing anterior knee pain Furthermore to determine the effects of dry needling in increasing range of motion of quadriceps muscle

Study aim: In this study, we aim to measure the efficacy oral voriconazole versus oral itraconazole in the treatment of dermatophyte infections. Design: A randomized clinical trial with two parallel intervention groups; double-blind; phase 3; on 76 patients. Settings and conduct: Dermatology department, PNS Shifa hospital, Karachi Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: chronic and recurrent dermatophyte infections. Exclusion criteria: age less than 15 and greater than 90 years, hyperlipidemia, abnormal renal and liver function tests, tinea capitis and unguum, pregnant and breastfeeding women. Intervention groups: In Group A the patients were treated with oral voriconazole 200mg twice daily In group B the patients were treated with oral itraconazole 100mg twice daily Treatment given for four weeks or less in patients in which complete response is achieved. Main outcome variables: Treatment of dermatophyte infections based on clinical response and microscopic findings using KOH solution

Study aim: The aim of the study is: To find the effects of Stabilization exercises with or without mobilization on pain, range of motion and quality of life among patients with frozen shoulder. Design: Randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: Arif Memorial Teaching Hospital Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patients diagnosed with frozen shoulder and stiff frozen shoulder Symptom duration >3months Patients with shoulder pain and restriction in ROM Exclusion criteria: Shoulder stiffness due to severe trauma, post fracture, immobilization and surgical release of capsules History of cortisone injection in effected area in previous 6 weeks Patients with joint infection Intervention groups: Group (A): stabilization exercise without mobilization Group (B): stabilization with mobilization Main outcome variables: pain range of motion quality of life

Study aim: To evaluate the efficacy of audiovisual aid in reducing the level of dental anxiety in patients undergoing tooth extraction Design: A randomized trial will be conducted where 162 patients will be randomly divided into two equal groups of 81 each, with help of random sequence generated using online tool. Settings and conduct: University dental hospital, The university of Lahore. The person collecting the data will be blinded to the intervention given to the individuals. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Simple extraction procedure American society of anesthesiologist physical status class 1 & 2 Patient able to comprehend and follow the instructions Exclusion: Surgical extractions More than two extractions to be performed Grade 2 or 3 mobility of the tooth Patients who do not understand Urdu Patients who did not give consent Intervention groups: 1. Verbal instructions 2. Audiovisual aid Main outcome variables: Dental anxiety

Study aim: To determine the effectiveness of Bent Leg Raise approach on Hamstring Flexibility in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. Design: Single Blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Settings and conduct: Chaudary Muhammad Akram Research Teaching Hospital (CMARTH) Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: The Subjects in ae 40-65 years gender male and female with Osteoarthritis of Grade II and III following Lawrence Kellgren Criteria of Knee OA Radiological classification , with limitation in their Hamstring Range of Motion less than 100-20 Degrees will be included . While Subjects with knee pain, recent injury, trauma in last year and other diagnosed disease like Rheumatoid Arthritis and Patellofemoral syndrome etc. will be excluded Intervention groups: Group -A In group A Bent Leg Raise with three repetitions as per rule of Brain Mulligan joint Mobilization with Movement concept (MWM) will be given to subjects. Main outcome variables: Range of Motion , Active Knee Extension Test and KOOS knee Survey

Study aim: To investigate the impact of lifestyle components on cardiorespiratory fitness heart rate and Rating of perceive exertion by performing 6 weeks of moderate intensity exercise in estimating change in VO2 max by performing Harvard bench step test after 6 weeks of exercise program. Design: STUDY DESIGN: Quasi-Experimental study DURATION OF STUDY: 6 months SAMPLE SIZE: =34 Settings and conduct: SETTING: University of Sialkot students. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • university students • Age between 18-35 years Exclusion criteria • Above the age of 35 • Participant who failed to complete life style questionnaire • Participants failed to complete the fitness test • Participant who have congenital heart disease, hypertension, type I diabetes and known kidney disease will be excluded from the study. • Participants with known past surgical history’ Intervention groups: 1. Information pertaining to individual demographics and lifestyle components will be collected through pre exercise questionnaire. 2. After completing the questionnaire Harvard bench step cardiorespiratory fitness test will be performed. In this test Participants step up and down, on and off an aerobics type step for THREE minutes to increase heart rate and Oxygen consumption 3. After performing test HR, RPE and VO2 max will be calculated. 4. Consequently participants will be instructed to participate in moderate intensity exercise for 6 weeks. 6 weeks later participants again perform bench step and calculate the HR, RPE and VO2 max. Main outcome variables: To see the effects of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise on Heart rate , cardiorespiratory fitness and rating of perceive exertion in students.